Ecology Ch 6-11 Test 2

Front 1

Autotrophs
-photosynthetic
-chemosymthetic

Back 1

uses inorganic sources of carbon and energy
-uses CO2 as carbon source and sunlight as energy
-inorganic molecules for carbon and energy

Front 2

Heterotrophs

Back 2

use organic molecules for carbon and energy source

Front 3

Infrared

Back 3

long wavelength, low energy

Front 4

Ultraviolet

Back 4

short wavelength, high energy

Front 5

PAR

Back 5

photosynthetically active radiation

Front 6

Photon flux density

Back 6

PAR is quantified as this
# of photons striking a square meter of a surface each second

Front 7

C3 photosynthesis

Back 7

used by most plants and algae
CO2 + ribulose biphosphate= phosphoglyceric acid

Front 8

C4 Photosynthesis

Back 8

internally increase CO2 diffusion inward, conserve water, less stoma open. acids diffuse into bundle sheath cells

Front 9

CAM photosynthesis

Back 9

limited to succulent plants, low levels of photosynthesis, at night

Front 10

Mullerian mimicry

Back 10

comimicry among several species of noxious organisms

Front 11

Batesian mimicry

Back 11

harmless species mimic noxious species

Front 12

Optimal foraging theory

Back 12

-if energy is limited, organisms cannot maximize all life functions
-more prey more energy

Front 13

Behavioral ecology

Back 13

study of social relations

Front 14

Sociobiology

Back 14

branch of bio concerned with social relations

Front 15

Fitness

Back 15

number of offspring contributed to the next generation

Front 16

Intrasexual selection

Back 16

competition of one sex against itself for mates

Front 17

Intersexual selection

Back 17

members of one sex chose a mate of the opposite sex based on a trait

Front 18

Sociality

Back 18

-Coopertative feeding
-defense of the social group
-restricted reproductive opportunities

Front 19

Eusociality

Back 19

more complex
-individuals of more than one generation living together
-cooperative care of young
-non-reproductive and reproductive castes

Front 20

Hardy-Weinberg

Back 20

without evolution forces, alleles would be constant
p2+2pq+q2=1.0

Front 21

Stabilizing selection

Back 21

acting against extremes, to favor average phenotypes

Front 22

Directional selection

Back 22

change favors extreme phenotypes over average

Front 23

Disruptive selection

Back 23

disruptions favor 2 or more extremes over average

Front 24

Heritability of a trait

Back 24

h2=Vg/Vp

Vg-Genetic variance
Vp-phenotypic variance

Front 25

Distributions of individuals

Back 25

-Random
-Regular
-Clumped

Front 26

Rarity 1

Back 26

extensive range, broad habitat, small local populations

Front 27

Rarity 2

Back 27

extensive range, narrow habitat, large populations

Front 28

Rarity 3

Back 28

restricted range, narrow habitat, small populations

Front 29

Metapopulations

Back 29

subpopulations living on patches of habitat connected by exchange of individuals

Front 30

Corhort life table

Back 30

identify individuals born at same time and keep records from birth

Front 31

Static life table

Back 31

keep records of age at death of individuals

Front 32

Age distribution

Back 32

calculate difference in proportion to individuals in each age class

Front 33

Survivorship curves
-Type 1
-Type 2
-Type 3

Back 33

-High mortality among older individuals
-Constant rate of survival
-High mortality among young, followed by high survivorship

Front 34

Fecundity schedule

Back 34

tabulation of birth rates among females of different ages

Front 35

Estimating rates for annual plants

Back 35

R0=Elxmx

R0-net reproductive rate
x-age in days
lx-% population surviving to each age(x)
mx-number of seeds produced by each individual in each age category

Front 36

Geometric rate of increase

Back 36

lambda (\= Nt+1/Nt
Nt+1-size of pop in future time
Nt-size of pop at some earlier time

Front 37

Average generation time

Back 37

T=Exlxmx/R0

Front 38

Exponential growth

Back 38

Nt=N0ermax^t

Front 39

Exponential growth in unlimited environment

Back 39

dN/dt=rmaxN

Front 40

Geometric growth

Back 40

Nt=N0(\^t

Front 41

Carrying capacity (K)

Back 41

number of individual in a population that the environment can support

Front 42

Limits to population growth
-Density-dependent factors
-Density-independent factors

Back 42

-Disease, resource competition
-Natural disasters

Front 43

Conditions Necessary for Hardy Weinberg

Back 43

-Random Mating
-No Mutations
-Large Population Size
-No Immigration
-Equitable Fitness Between All Genotypes