Ecology And Evolution Test 2

Front 1

artemia

Back 1

________are brine shrimp found in open water

Front 2

amphipods

Back 2

_______ae larger shrimp that feed in sediments

Front 3

Robinson

Back 3

who determined that the morphological differences in Gasterosteus aculeatus were heritable and represent a tradoff

Front 4

benthic species

Back 4

feeds on larger prey in the sediments and submerged vegetation

Front 5

limnetic species

Back 5

feed on open water plankton

Front 6

sympatric speciation

Back 6

reproductive isolation of populations within the same area
-behavior
-different habitat
-different food sources
-time of mating

Front 7

habitats
diets

Back 7

many lakes have two species with different ____and ___________

Front 8

allopatric speciation

Back 8

due to geographical isolation of populations

Front 9

geographic isolates

Back 9

results when gene flow among subpopulations is prevented

Front 10

adaptive radiation

Back 10

process in which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of an environment (food, habitat)

Front 11

genetic differentiation

Back 11

local populations inhabiting different environments can undergo ______due to natural selection

Front 12

phenotypic plasticity

Back 12

genotype can produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions to improve fitness

Front 13

ecotype

Back 13

a population adapted to a unique local environmental condition

Front 14

developmental plasticity

Back 14

change in allocation of biomass to tissues during development due to differences in environmental conditions

Front 15

acclimation

Back 15

phenotypic changes in an individual in response to changing environment conditions
-reversible

Front 16

dioecious (two houses)

Back 16

separate sexes, usually male/ female or strains
ex. most animals and some plants

Front 17

hermaphroditic

Back 17

both male and female parts on same individual
ex. many plants and some animals
- increased mating possibilities
- decreased energy requirements for finding mates

Front 18

sequential hermaphrodites

Back 18

both sexes at different times
ex. many mollusks and echinoderms, some fish, some plants
-one sex in one part of life and other sex in another part of life

Front 19

life history

Back 19

the pattern of the lifestyle of a species from the beginning to the end
-birth/conception/separation
-growth and development
-habitat selection
-resource acquisition
-reproduction
-death

Front 20

gene flow

Back 20

the movement of genes between populations

Front 21

Life history strategies: r vs k
k=population carrying capacity
-large size
-slow development
-reproduce later in life
-strong competitive ability
-few large offspring
-parental care
-longer lived
-lower mortality rate

Back 21

life history strategies: r vs k
r-rate of growth of the poplation
-small size
-fast development
-reproduce at early age
-weak competitive ability
-many small offspring
-no parental care
-short lived
-high mortality rate

Front 22

unstable

Back 22

r is most useful for _____environments

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stable

Back 23

k is most useful for __________environments

Front 24

R vs C vs S
S=stress tolerant
-special adaptation to changing or extreme environments
ex. lichens, cacti

Back 24

R vs C vs S
R=ruderal-refers to growing in rubbish
-small short lived
-allocate most energy to reproduction
-rapidly colonized disturbed sites ex. weeds, annuals
C=competitive ability
-larger
-longer lived
-most resources to energy acquisition
-stem, root, shoot, growth ex. trees, shrubs

Front 25

intrasexual selection

Back 25

involves male-to-male (or in some cases female-to-female) competition for the opportunity to mate
ex. fighting, intimidation

Front 26

intersexual selection

Back 26

involves the differential attractiveness of individuals of one sex to another

Front 27

reproductive effort

Back 27

-time and energy allocated to reproduction by an organism
-the more an organism allocates to reproduction, the less it can allocate for growth and maintenance

Front 28

semelparity

Back 28

organism expands all of its energy in one suicidal act of mass reproduction
-cicada, salmon, many bamboos

Front 29

interoparity

Back 29

organism reproduces few young at on time but repeats reproduction over its life
-vertebrates, perennials, shrubs, trees

Front 30

fecundity

Back 30

a measure of reproductive success or ability

Front 31

probably related to lower population densities along with increased food supply in spring at higher altitudes

Back 31

organisms at high altitudes often have more offspring than those at lower latitudes. Why?

Front 32

population

Back 32

a group of individuals of a species that live in the same area

Front 33

population ecology

Back 33

studies population characteristics and their changes in response to the environment

Front 34

-size/abundance
- distribution/ spacing of individuals
-density
-sex ratio and age structure
-birth, death, and movement of individuals

Back 34

characteristics of population include:
- they aid in predicting future changes/status

Front 35

genet

Back 35

a genetic individual arising from a zygote
-unitary

Front 36

ramets

Back 36

clones produced asexually by the genet
-may be physically linked to the parent or separate
-modular

Front 37

population distribution

Back 37

spatial arrangement of the population
influenced by:
-occurrence of suitable environmental conditions
-geographic barriers
-competition and predation

Front 38

Random-trees-no pattern in location of individuals

uniform-penguins-evenly spaced due to competition or territoriality

clumped-fish-(most common)attached to resources ramet colonies, protection from predators, social grouping

Back 38

what are the population distribution patterns and give an example and explanation?

Front 39

ecological density

Back 39

the number of individuals per unit of suitable habitat

Front 40

population density

Back 40

the number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume
This =population size/area

Front 41

sex ratio

Back 41

-proportion of males to females
-spawners may have higher females
-monogamous species need to be 1:1

Front 42

age structure

Back 42

-the relative numbers of organisms of each age within a population
-influenced by reproduction and mortality
-helps indicate population growth

Front 43

-study a representative sample
-mark young and follow their survival
-tooth wear
-plumage changes
-growth rings in teeth, horns, ear bones, and so forth
-diameter at breast height (dbh)-trees and shrubs
-counting annual rings-trees and shrubs

Back 43

techniques used for aging populations

Front 44

dispersal

Back 44

-movement of individuals in space
-this maintains gene flow between subpopulations

Front 45

emigration

Back 45

an individual moves out of a subpopulation

Front 46

immigration

Back 46

an individual moves into a subpopulation

Front 47

passive

Back 47

-means a dispersal-gravity, wind, water, animals
-dispersal distance depends on the agents of dispersal

Front 48

-capture-recapture or mark-recapture methods
-this is the Lincoln or Peterson index of relative population size

Back 48

-based on trapping, marking and releasing a known number of marked animals (M) into the population (N)
-some time later, the same population is sampled and the ratio of marked (R)to sampled (n) individuals in the second sample represents the ratio for the entire population
-N/M=n/R

Front 49

indices of abundance

Back 49

the presence of individuals of a particular species can be determined by counts of vocalizations, scat, tracks, or some other sign of presence

Front 50

population growth

Back 50

number of individuals in a population increases or decreases with time
-individuals added via birth *b=proportion of the population producing a new individual per unit time
-individuals removed via death *d=proportion of the population dying per unit of time

Front 51

genetic drift

Back 51

change in allele frequency due to random chance associated with sexual reproduction

Front 52

mutations

Back 52

heritable changes in a gene or a chromosome

Front 53

-mutations
-genetic drift
-gene flow

Back 53

factors other than natural selection that affect changes in genetic variation that unlike natural selection tend to occur at random

Front 54

disruptive selection

Back 54

occurs when members of a population are subjected to different selection pressures

Front 55

stabilizing selection

Back 55

the mean value of the trait is favored

Front 56

directional selection

Back 56

the extreme value of a trait is favored

Front 57

P. and R. Grant

Back 57

_______documented a shift in physical characteristic (beak size) of Daphne Island finches

Front 58

natural selection

Back 58

________acts directly on phenotype and can change allele frequencies within a population over generations

Front 59

population

Back 59

the ________reflects the collective successes and failures through time

Front 60

quantitative traits

Back 60

those traits that have a continuous distribution
-more than one gene locus affects most traits
-most traits are affected by the environment

Front 61

qualitative traits

Back 61

phenotypic characteristics that fall into discrete categories
ex. red or white flowers

Front 62

life table

Back 62

age specific account of mortality and survival

Front 63

cohort

Back 63

group of individuals born in the same period of time

Front 64

x

Back 64

___=age class

Front 65

Type I, Type II, Type III

Back 65

three idealized types of survivorship curves

Front 66

Type I: humans and mammals

Back 66

______: more deaths at older ages ex.____

Front 67

nx

Back 67

___=# of individuals of cohort still alive

Front 68

Ix

Back 68

___=proportion of cohorts still alive, gives probability of any individual of original cohort living that long

Front 69

dx

Back 69

___=# of individuals that died in time interval or proportion

Front 70

qx

Back 70

___=age specific mortality rate, proportion of age class

Front 71

Type II: adult birds, rodents, reptiles

Back 71

___:equal # of deaths at all ages ex. ____

Front 72

Type III: fish, spawners, amphibians, invertebrates

Back 72

____: more deaths at young ages ex.___

Front 73

stochastic process

Back 73

-statistical analysis
-one whose state is determined by both predictable factors and random elements

Front 74

demographic stochasticity

Back 74

-random variations in birth and death rates from year to year
-b and d vary

Front 75

environmental stochasticity

Back 75

-random variations in the environment or the occurrence of natural disasters
-b and d vary because of environment varies

Front 76

alleles

Back 76

different versions of a gene

Front 77

-variation of heritable characteristics
-differences in individual survival and reproduction

Back 77

natural selection is the product of 2 conditions...

Front 78

adaptation

Back 78

-favorable traits that develop I response to the environment

Front 79

fitness

Back 79

passing on of traits (a measure of success)

Front 80

natural selection

Back 80

-some organisms are more successful than others
-theory of Darwin to explain organismal diversity

Front 81

cline

Back 81

a gradual change over a geographic region in the average of a phenotypic trait
-usually associated with an environmental gradiant

Front 82

r

Back 82

rate of increase; birth minus death is represented by__

Front 83

exponential population growth

Back 83

predicts the rate of population change through time