Ecology And Evolution

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Anagenesis

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evolution along a single lineage or within a species

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Cladogenesis

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branching of lineages (cladogram)

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Biological Species Concept

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Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations

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Evolutionary Species Concept

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Species are single lineages on their own evolutionary trajectory

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Phylogenetic Species Concept

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Species are smallest monophyletic clades that maintain distinctness

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Modes of Speciation

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Allopatric, Peripatric, Parapatric, Sympatric

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Allopatric speciation

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formation of reproductive barriers in geographically separated populations

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Peripatric Speciation

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New population is found on periphery of range of allopatric speciation

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Parapatric Speciation

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It occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier, such as a body of water, but by an extreme change in habitat. While populations in these areas may interbreed, they often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles.

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Sympatric Speciation

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Formationof reproductive barrier in a single, initially randomlymating population. process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

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Microevolution

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change within a species; changes in allele frequencies or species' phenotype

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Macroevolution

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change above species' level; splitting of lineages

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Stromatolites

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fossilized microbial mats

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Adaptive Radiation

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rapid diversification over a brief time period

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Biogeographic Realms

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regions of close biotic associations based on animal/plant distribution

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Species-latitude relationship

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As latitude increases, diversity decreases

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Grassland -

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high rates of evaporation, periodic droughts, lots of fire, most carbon is underground

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Savanna

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grassland like but areas of grassland with periodic shrubs, widespace trees, deterimined by rainfall and soil, many are created by humans

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Shrubland

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dominated by woody, persistent vegetation- low shrubby trees-multiple stems coming out of the ground, fairly adapted to fire

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Desert-

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any environment where evaporation exceeds rainfall, roughly 10 inches of rain a year

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Tropical rainforest

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temperature and precipitation are very high, low latitude forests, broad leaf trees, never lose leaves completely, carbon is all above ground in woody stems of trees, poor soil

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Tropical seasonal forest

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less low of latitude, marked wet period and marked dry period, more seasonality

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-Temperate deciduous forest- -

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somewhat cooler, more seasonal, and dominated by broad leaf plants that grow during spring n lose them during winter - we are in this

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Temperate evergreen forest

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cool, seasonal forest which have pine trees, conifers, etc

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Boreal Forest (taiga)- .

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colder, dryer, high latitude, evergreen forest. Density of trees isn't great, trees are more spaced out, open environment

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Tundra-

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especially high latitude, cold, dry, desert like. Polar deserts. Low moisture. Marked by permafrost- permanently frozen ground

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Alpine (mountain zone)

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very tundra like, but high elevation environment

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What factors are used todistinguish between biomes?

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- temperature, precipitation

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Whittaker Ordination -

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a figure that shows association of things based on annual precipitation. As we grow from dry to wet, we see transitions. When it's really dry we get desert, as we get moisture we get seasonal forest and savanna, as more moisture comes we get tropical rainforest

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Intertidal zone-

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interaction where water comes into association with land, terrestrial life, as tides go up and down water is exposed and inexposed

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-Mangrove Forest-

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tropical forests at association of land and water, along edges of continents at tropical zones,

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-Tidal marsh-

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low marshy area that is innovated by tides daily in more temperate zones,

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-Estuary-

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where oceans and rivers come together, freshwater coming into saltwater, most plant productive because they have plant species and animal species mingling

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-Coral reef

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calcified remains of microorganisms in which calcified remains have left land that can't be submerged. Tropical and shallow. high light dependent. Warm, shallow seas. Diverse ecosystems

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Niche-

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the ecological role of an organism in its environment

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-Fundamental Niche-

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the full range of environmental conditions tolerated by a species (especially in absence of other limits)

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-Realized Niche

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part of fundamental niche actually occupied by a species (due to limits)

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Intraspecific interactions

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among individuals within a species

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interspecific interactions

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among individuals between species

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Mechanisms of competition

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exploitation and interference competition

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Exploitation Competition

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resource use reduces resource availability; outcome determined by efficiency of resource use

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Interference Competition

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one species denies resource to other species

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Gause's Principle

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species with identical ecological requirements cannot occupy the same environment

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Competitive Exclusion Principle

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when two species have the same ecological requirements, one will cause the other to go extinct

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Character Displacement

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evolution towards character divergence in the face of competition

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Parasitism

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one individual benefits at the expense of another

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Predator Responses

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Functional and Numerical response

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Functional Response

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As prey density increase, predators will take more prey or take them sooner

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Numerical Response

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As prey density increase, the density of predators increase

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Mutualism

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Relationship in which both players benefit; highly specialized relationship which results in co-evolution

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Types of Mutualism

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Obligate symbiotic mutualism, obligate non-symbiotic mutualism, non-obligate (facultative) mutalism

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Obligate symbiotic mutualism

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species live together; relationship is required for survival. Example: ants and the Acacia plant. The plant provides food for the ant, as well as shelter. In return, the ants defend the plant from other organisms that eat plants, as well as remove other plants from the vicinity of their plant so it can grow better.

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Obligate non-symbiotic mutualism

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Species live apart; relationship is required for survival. Example: plants and their pollinators

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Non-obligate (facultative) mutualism

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relationship is not required, but opportunistic. Example: ants and insects; ants may protect insects in return for food

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Modes of Selection

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Diversifying, stabilizing, directional

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Diversifying Selection

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when both extremes are favored over the mean

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Stabilizing Selection

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When average phenotype is favored over any other

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Directional Selection

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when one phenotype is favored over the other