Ecology And Conservation Vocabulary And Concept Checks For Ib Biology Hl 2

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Habitat

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the environment in which a species normally lives of the location of a living organism

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Community

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a group of populations living together and interacting with each other in an area

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ecosystem

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a community and its abiotic environment

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ecology

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the study of relationships in ecosystems- both relationships between organisms and between their environment

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autotroph

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"self- feeding" photosynthetic organisms

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Heterotroph

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oorganisms that obtain organic molecules from other organisms

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chemoautotrophs

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an organism that creates its own food by breaking down inorganic chemicals, organisms that gain their energy from inorganic materials

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consumer

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organisms that ingest organic matter that is living or recently killed

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detritivore

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ingest organic dead organic matter

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saprotroph

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live on or in dead organic matter, secreteing enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.

decomposers

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food chain

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sequences of trophic relationships where each member in the sequence feeds the previous one

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food web

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a food web is a diagram that shows all the feeding relationships in a community

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trophic level

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the trophic level of an organisms is its position in the food chain

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energy pyramid

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diagrams that show how much energy flow through each trophic level in a community

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greenhouse effect

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heat retention by gasees

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precautionary principle

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people planning to do something must prove that is will not do harm before actually doing it. the precautionary principle should be followed when the possible consequences (risks) of human actions are large or could even be catastrophic

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Quadrat sampling

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in a random sample, every individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected... the sample areas are usually square and are marked out using frames called quadrants

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transect

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an alternative to random sampline is to investigate plant or animal distributions along a line marked out across a site the line is called a transect

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fundamental niche

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the potential of a species

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realized niche

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the actual mode of existence of a species, which results from its adaptations and competition from toher species

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competative exclusion

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the principle that only one species can occupy a niche in an ecosystem is called the competative exclusion principle, it happens when a species is unable to occupy any part of its fundamental niche in an area so it has no realized niche

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exponential phase

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the population increases exponentially because the natality rate is higher than the mortality rate. the resources needed by the population such as food are abundent and diseases and predators are rare

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transitional phase

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the natality rate starts to fall and/or the mortality rate starts to rise. Natality is still higher than mortality so the population still rises but less, and less rapidly

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plateau phase

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natality and morality are equal so the population size is constant

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what can limit a population

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shortage of resources, more predators, more disease or parasites.

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why are the things that limit population capable of limiting population

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they become more intense as the population rises and becomes more crowded. they can either reduce natality or increase mortality.

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carrying capacity

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the maximum population size that can be supported by an environment

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Natality

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offspring are produced and are added to the population

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Immigration

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Individuals move into the area from elsewhere and are added to the population

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Emigration

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Individuals move out of the area to live elsewhere

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Mortality

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Individuals die and are lost from the population

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Sigmoid growth curve

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a three step curve that measures population growth that can be formed when population is measured regularly.’ “When a new species spreads into a new area the population growth curve is often sigmoid.

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how is energy lost between the various levels of an energy pyramid

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some organisms die before an organism in the next trophic level eats them

some parts of organisms such as bones or hair are not eaten

much of the energy absorbed by an organism is released in cell respiration

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How do CFCs damage the ozone

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ultra-ciolet light causes CFCs to dissociate and release atoms of chlorine. These chlorine atoms are highly reactive and cause complex reactions in which ozone is converted to oxygen. the reactions form a cycle, with the chlorine atoms being released again, so that they can go on to cause the destruction of more ozone. One chlorine atom can potentially cause the destruction of hundreds of thousands of ozone molecules

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what are the advantages of in situ conservation

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species remain adapted to their habitats, greater genetic diversity can be conserved, animals maintain natural behavior patters, and species interact with each other, helping to conserve the whole ecosystem

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what are reasons for ex situ conservation

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some species become so rare taht it is not safe to leave them unprotected in the wild. sometimes destruction of a natural habitat makes it essential to remove threatened species from it.

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what are three forms of ex situ conservation?

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captive breeding, botanic gardens, and seed banks

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Population

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a group of individuals that belong to the same species, live in the same area, and breed with each other

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Producer

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A producer creates its own food, through photosynthesis or similar chemical processes

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Abiotic factors

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Non living parts of the ecosystem

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Competition

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two species using the same resources compete if the amount of the resource used by each species reduces the amount available to the other species

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Herbivory

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a primary consumer feeding on a plant or other producer

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Predation

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one species dies, the other benefits

a consumer feeding on another consumer.

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Parasitism

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one species doesn’t die, is harmed, but the other benefits
a parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host and obtains food from it. The host is always harmed by the parasite

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Mutualism

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both species benefit

mutualists are members of different species that live together in a close relationship, from which both benefit

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Biomass

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Biomass is the total dry mass of organic matter in organisms or ecosystems

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Gross production

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gross production is the total amount of organic matter produced by plants in an ecosystem

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Net production

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Net production is the amount of gross production in an ecosystem remaining after subtracting the amount used by plants in respiration

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Primary succession

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starts in an environment where living organisms have not previously existed, for example a new island created by volcanic activity

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Secondary succession

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occurs in areas where an ecosystem is present, but is replaced by other ecosystems, because of a change in conditions. For example abandoned farmland developing into forest

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Biome

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a type of ecosystem

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Biosphere

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the biomes of the world together
the sum total of all ecosystems

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Simpson diversity index

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a way of measuring the diversity of an area using a mathematical formula

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Invasive species

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A non natural species, a species that does not naturally occur in the habitat that it is currently habiting.

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Biomagnification

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the process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level

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CFCs

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the main cause of ozone depletion. They are chemical compounds manufactured by humans and released into the atmosphere.

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Indicator species

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indicator species are often used to assess pollution levels in aquatic ecosystems

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Extinction

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When the last members of a species die, the species becomes extinct

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In situ conservation

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the best place to conserve a species is in its own habitat. This is called in situ conversation

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Ex situ conservation

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conservation of a species outside its natural habitat

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r-strategies

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only growing to a small body size, which can be quickly reached. Maturing early, so reproduction happens while still young. Reproducing once only, with all available energy and resources devoted to it. Producing many offspring, with a relatively small body size. Giving offspring little or no paternal care. The chance of survival of their offspring is small

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k-strategies

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growing to a large body size, which is a advantage in intra-species competition. Maturing late, with reproduction not beginning until an individual is relatively old. Reproducing more than once and sometimes many times during the extended life-span. Producing few offspring with a relatively large body size. Giving much parental care to offspring.

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Maximum sustainable yield

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the largest amount that can be harvested without a decline in stocks.