Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Major terrestrial biomes are most clearly separated by
|
temperature and precipitation.
|
|
|
This accounts for season changes
|
the tilt of the earth's axis
|
|
|
Adiabatic cooling
|
rising air experiences lower atmospheric pressure, causing it to lose temperature. If it's temperature decreases below the dew point, precipitation will occur.
|
|
|
Rain shadow
|
the far side of a coastal mountain range recieves little rainfall
|
|
|
thermocline
|
stratum of rapid temperature change in a body of water
|
|
|
Overturn of lake strata occur during
|
spring and fall
|
|
|
stratification of lakes appears in
|
winter and summer
|
|
|
Water is densest at
|
4 degrees celcius
|
|
|
There is more oxygen in the higher/lower levels of water.
|
higher
|
|
|
Oligotrophic
|
-Poor in nutrients
-Rich in oxygen -Health environment for fish, good for humans |
|
|
Mesotrophic
|
intermediate nutrient concentrations
|
|
|
Eutrophic
|
-Nutrient rich
-Oxygen poor -Supports cyanobacteria and harmful algal blooms |
|
|
anoxic means
|
no oxygen
|
|
|
Confluence nodes
|
pulses of enrichment/ point where two habitats merge
|
|
|
Headwaters typically have
|
-forest cover
-little light -woody debris -cold water |
|
|
Lower waters of a stream have
|
-wider surface area
-greater sunlight |
|
|
Tidal prism
|
-wedge of fresh water overlies denser salt water
-present in estuaries |
|
|
neritic zone
|
nearshore subtidal
|
|
|
Benthic zone
|
bed of the sea
|
|
|
Pelagic
|
Offshore, beyond the continental shelf, entire depth of water
|
|
|
Plankton are
|
passive drifters
|
|
|
Nekton are
|
active swimmers
|
|
|
Littoral Zone
|
close-shore area of a lake
|
|
|
Limnetic zone
|
offshore area of a lake
|
|
|
Condition
|
abiotic environmental factor that varies in space and time that affects the ability of an organism to survive
|
|
|
Resource
|
all things used up or consumed by an organism
|
|
|
Macan's Filter
|
analyzes why a species is absent from a particular habitat
|
|
|
At low or high levels, a resource can become a
|
condition (ex. sunlight or water)
|
|
|
Relict population
|
leftover population from a time when the species could support itself (ex. trees in california)
|
|
|
Sink habitat
|
death rate exceeds birth rate
|
|
|
Resource subsidy
|
resources produced in one habitat that supports consumers in a second habitat
|
|
|
Acclimatization
|
organisms become accustomed to periodic shifts in conditions and learn to compensate for them
|
|
|
Some organisms can sustain only short burst of a condition but
|
not long periods of that condition (ex. cacti and freezing)
|
|
|
Ectotherms rely on
|
external sources of heat to maintain their body temperatures
|
|
|
Endotherms use
|
metabolic resources to regulate their own body temperatures
|
|
|
In ectotherms, temperature governs
|
the rate of growth, and serves as a cue for seasonal life cylce events
|
|
|
Propagule
|
inidivdual, group, or fragment that has the ability to begin a new population
|
|
|
Unitary organisms
|
develop from a zygote to an adult of a determinate form
|
|
|
Modular organisms
|
grow by repeated interactions of their parts into an adult of indeterminate form (plants)
|
|
|
Genet
|
genetic individual, all the biomass that derived from a single embryo
|
|
|
Ramet
|
subunit of a genet that is physiologically viable as an autonomous fragment
|
|
|
Life history tradeoff factors
|
growth, activity, maintenance, reproduction (offspring quantity vs. quality)
|
|
|
Example of a Bottleneck
|
Can young perch grown large enough to survive their first winter?
|
|
|
Demography
|
Study of how vital rates in a population affect structure and dynamics of populations
|
|
|
Equation for change in population size
|
Births + Immigration - Deaths - Emigration
|
|
|
Dispersion
|
pattern of distribution of organisms in space. May be clumped, random, or uniform.
|
|
|
Intraspecific
|
interactions between individuals of the same species
|
|
|
interspecific
|
interactions between individuals of different species
|
|
|
Fecundity
|
number of progeny per individual
|
|
|
Cohort
|
a group of individuals of the same age
|
|
|
Life table
|
Summary of age specific rates of survival and fecundity
|
|
|
The earlier the age of first reproduction, the greater the
|
population boom
|
|
|
r-selected traits
|
short lifespan, small size, high predator vulnerability, weak competitor, good disperser, many small offspring, early reproduction
|
|
|
K-selected traits
|
long life span, large size, low vulnerability to predators, strong competitor, slow disperser, fewer but better provisioned offspring, late reproduction
|
|
|
Interpecific competition
|
between two different species
(-,-) |
|
|
Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism
|
(+,-)
|
|
|
Mutualism
|
(+,+) clownfish and sea anenome, alligator and bird, lichen, leaf cutter ants and fungi
|
|
|
Amensalism
|
(0,-)
Elephant stands on bug |
|
|
Commensalism
|
(0, +)
|
|
|
True predators
|
many hosts, always lethal
|
|
|
Grazers
|
many hosts, rarely lethal
|
|
|
Parasites
|
one of few hosts but rarely lethal
|
|
|
Parasitoids
|
one host, always lethal
|
|
|
Barnacle species competing for a limiting resource is an example of
|
realized/fundamental niche
|
|
|
Exploitative competition
|
species compete for a limiting resource (indirect)
|
|
|
interference competition
|
two species directly harm each other
|
|
|
apparent competition
|
two species decrease in each other's presence because they support the increased abundance of a common predator (indirect)
|
|
|
Evolutionary consequences of competition
|
niche partitioning and character displacement
|
|
|
Mutualism could crumble in the face of
|
cheaters that imitate species involved in mutualisms
|
|
|
symbiosis
|
two species living together
|
|
|
community
|
group of species that co-occur in time and space
|
|
|
An odd number of trophic levels leads to
|
bottom up limitation for plants (green world)
|
|
|
An even number of trophic levels leads to
|
top down (consumer) limitation for plants. Barren world.
|
|
|
Keystone species
|
a species that consumes and limits another species that would otherwise dominate
(ex. pisaster starfish prevents dominance of mussels) |
|
|
Disturbance
|
A discreet event that frees up resources and opens up habitat by killing or removing organisms
|
|
|
Early successional species are usually __ selected, whereas later successional species are typically __ selected
|
r, K
|
|
|
Intermediate disturbance theory
|
species richness is greatest in environments that are not too harsh and do not have too much competition
Ulva colonizes before gigartina, but gigartina dominates after several years. |
|
|
primary succession
|
truly bare sterilized space
ex. volcanic lava field, receding glaciers |
|
|
Secondary succession
|
space has been opened and de-populated, but some residual biota has survived
|
|
|
Degradative Succession
|
habitat modified by inhabitants, disappears over time
ex. rotten log or infested acorn |
|
|
Climax
|
late successional stage in which dominant species can replace themselves
|
|
|
Change in storage=
|
Input-Output
Zero at equilibrium |
|
|
Trophic level efficiency is often about
|
10%
|
|
|
Hydrologic cycle
|
evaporation = precipitation
|
|
|
Evapotranspiration
|
water lost through the stomates of plants
|
|
|
Phosphorus cycle
|
no gaseous, atmospheric component
|
|
|
Increasing residence time of phosphorous
|
algae, animals, soils, ocean sediments
|
|
|
Nitrogen used by humans as
|
fertilizers and explosives
|
|
|
Deforested areas lead to increases in
|
nitrogen in water runoff and lead to eutrophication
|
|
|
Nutrient and soil retentions degraded in the desert after breaking of the
|
crust
(ex. ATV tracks) |
|
|
Retentive streams stop
|
stream spiraling (nutrients cycle within the same portion of the stream instead), preventing eutrophication downstream
|
|
|
Bioaccumulation
|
-toxins increase as you travel up the trophic levels
-toxin concentration increases in animals with longer lifetimes |
|
|
Clear water state maintained by
|
-nutrient sequestration in long-lived, top predators
-maintenance of prey species -terrestrial vegetative cover |
|
|
Green water state supported by
|
-erosion
-sewage -loss of wetlands -loss of higher trophic levels -heavy nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria that dominate under heavy phosphorus conditoins |
|
|
Ecosystem is healthier with ______ foodchains.
|
longer
|
|
|
Wood wide web
|
root and mycorrhizal networks link different tree species
Doug fir steals nutrients from roots of paper birch (which tends to get more sun) |
|
|
Arctic foxes placed on Aleutian islands for hunting purposes
|
-birds eaten by foxes, no longer nest in plants and fertilize them
-habitat becomes nutrient poor |
|
|
Edge effects
|
-Desiccation and wind
-Increased penetration of sunlight -increased nitrogen deposits near edge of forest -affects distribution and habits of animals |
|
|
Examples of edge effects
|
Cowbirds creating sink habitat for thrush
Barred Owl outcompetes Spotted owl |
|
|
Dynamic Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography
|
Change in species richness = speciation + immigration - extinction - mass emigration
|
|
|
Semelparity
|
big-bang reproduction; one reproductive event
|
|
|
Iteroparity
|
repeated reproduction events
|
|
|
Character displacement
|
tnedency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same species
ex. beak size in the galapagos islands |
|
|
polyandrous
|
one female to many males
|
