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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cryonics?
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the preservation of the bodies of deceased people at subfreezing temperatures with the goal of eventually bringing them back to life and restoring them to good health
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Which two frog species live in the Arctic tundra biome? How do they survive the cold?
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wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata)
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Among the vertebrates, how many and what type can survive a long winter in a semi-frozen state?
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4 frogs, 1 salamander, and 1 turtle species
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Compare and contrast tolerance and avoidance
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tolerance is when an organism copes with the change in environment by simply enduring the change, while avoidance is when an organism can change its behavior or physiology when change is present in environment
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A fundamental principle in ecology and biogeography is that?
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the geographic ranges of species are related to constraints imposed by the physical and biological environments
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What is an organism's ecological success?
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An organism's survival and reproduction
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How does the physical environment influence an organism's success?
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it affects an organism's ability to obtain the energy and resources required to maintain its metabolic functions and therefore to grow and reproduce
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Compare and contrast acclimatization and adaption
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an organism's ability to adjust their physiology, morphology, or behavior to lessen the effect of an environmental change and minimize associated stress is called acclimatization
adapations are the traits passed down over generations that resulted from natural selection; the traits are a result of acclimatization; adaptations are the long-term genetic response of a population to environmental stress that increases ecological success under stressful conditions |
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Are adaption and acclimatization "free"? What do they represent?
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adapation and acclimatization are not free; they require an investment of energy and resources by the organism; they represent possible trade-offs with other functions of the organism that may also affect its survival and reproduction
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How can temperature control physiological activity?
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temperature determine the rates of physiological processes by influencing the properties of membranes, particularly at low temperatures; cell and organelle membranes can solidify and disrupt mitochondrial respiration and photosynthesis, leak cellular metabolites, etc; sensitivity of membrane function is related to the chemical composition of the membrane lipid molecules
temperature affects terrestrial organisms by affecting water availability - the warmer the air, the more water vapor it can hold |
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Compare and contrast the factors impacting enthalpy for plants and animals (know and understand both equations)
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=solar radiation + infrared radiation in - infrared radiation out plus or minus heat conduction plus or minus heat convection - evapotranspiration
if plant is warmer than surrounding air, convection and conduction = - |
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Compare and contrast the terms thermoneutral zone and lower critical temperature. How do they impact metabolic rate? (figure 4.16)
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thermoneutral zone is where endothermic animals maintain constant basal metabolic rate and require minor behavioral or morphological adjustments for maintaining optimal body temperature
lower critical temperature is the point where heat loss is greater than metabolic heat production and triggers an increase in metabolic heat generation |
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What determines the overall water energy status (water potential)?
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the sum of osmotic potential (negative because lowers energy status), pressure potential (positive if pressure is being exerted on; negative if system is under tension), and matric potential (negative)
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What is resistance? Barriers that increase organism' resistance to water loss include?
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any force that impedes the movement of water or other substances along an energy gradient; barriers that increase resistance to water loss include waxy cuticles of plants and insects and the skin of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
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What are osmotic adjustment and turgor pressure? How do the terms relate to control of water balance and to what group of organisms do they apply?
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osmotic adjustment is the acclimatization response that involves changing solute concentration - microorganisms synthesizing organic solutes to adjust to osmotic potential
turgor pressure is when water follows a gradient of water potential into a plant cell and causes the cell to expand and press against the cell wall -important for structure of plants |
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Compare and contrast water and salt balance in marine and freshwater teleost fish. Use terms hyperosmotic, isoosmotic, and hypoosmotic
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marine teleost fish are hypoosmotic (take in more solutes than water) they lose water through their gills and urine and replace by drinking; solutes come in from drinking water and they need to expend energy to excrete excess solutes across gills and in urine
freshwater teleost fish are hyperosmotic (take up more water than solutes) they lose solutes passively through gills and must replace with salts from food; they expend energy to filter solutes to minimize losses in urine |
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What problems must be overcome in order for organisms to survive freezing?
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what water freezes, it forms needle-like crystals that can penetrate and damage or destroy cell membranes and organelles; the supply of oxygen to tissues is severely restricted due to the lack of circulation and breathing; as ice forms, pure water is pulled from cells, resulting in shrinkage and an increase in solute concentration
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Why is small size favored in desiccation-tolerant organisms?
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small organisms don't require structural reinforcement that would restrict the necessary shrinking of the organism as it dehydrates; they also have surface area to volume ratios and thicknesses favorable for the water loss rates required
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