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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ____ law says that large islands-support more species than smaller ones. |
species-area relationship |
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____ says that a ___ increase in island area will lead to double the number of species |
Darlington's Rule, tenfold |
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One explanation for the species-area relationship is ____ |
large islands contain more habitats than small islands |
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The ____ model says that the number of species is a balance between immigration and extinction |
MacArthur-Wilson |
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In an island biogeography equilibrium model, new species come from the ___, with the immigration rate symbolized by ___, and the extinction rate by ___ |
source pool, λ, μ |
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Assumptions of MacArthur-Wilson: ___[5] |
1. immigration and extinction rates are constant and similar 2. probability of colonization decreases as isolation increases 3. population size is proportional to area of island 4. probability of extinction of a population is inversely proportional to its size 5. coloniation and extinction is independent of the species already there |
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The M-W model predicts that area has an effect on ___, while distance has an effect on ____. |
extinction, immigration |
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The ____ effect says that area can affect immigration, while the ___ says that distance can affect extinction |
target, rescue |
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Examples of M-W models include: ___[2] |
insects on Florida mangrove islands, birds of Eastern Wood in England |
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Example of Passive-Sampling Model: ___ |
breeding birds of the Pymantuning Lake islands near Ohio |
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Examples of primary succession include: ___[2] |
glacier retreats, volcanic eruptions |
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Examples of secondary succession include: ___[3] |
Fires, hurricanes, clearcutting |
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The three main models of succession are: ___ [3] |
facilitation, inhibition, tolerance |
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An example of an inhibition model is ___ |
marine communities on rock walls |
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A system has ___ if its equilibrium is independent of starting conditions, and it has ___ if its elements do not change through time. |
ergodicity, homogeneity |
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Assumptions of simple matrix succesion: ___[7] |
discrete communities, discrete time, constant matrix no spatial structure, no density dependence, large numbers of patches, no time lags |
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____ models approximate immigration rate based on number of adjacent cells |
cellular automata |
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___ models keep track of birth, growth, and death of individuals |
individual-based |
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First-order Markov models say ___. Second-order say ___. Semi-Markov says ___. |
transition matrices are constant, probabilities depend on the state one time step previous, probabilities depend on the absolute amount of time a patch has been occupied |
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___ refers to the number of species in an area, while ___ is a weighted amount based on abundance |
species richness, species evenness |
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___ is the process of drawing a random subsample and generating the expected species richness |
rarefaction |
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Assumptions of rarefaction: ___ [6] |
community has closed membership, large sample size, identical sampling methods, random spatial distribution, independent random samples, similar species |
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Problems with Shannon-Weiner index: __[3] |
pi values are sensitive to sample size, there are no definable units of diversity, indices cannot be related to a statistical sampling model |
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The ____ model asks what the probability is that two random individuals are the same species |
probability of interspecific encounter (PIE) |
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Species richness is correlated with ___[3] |
energy, productivity, habitat heterogeneity |
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The loss of the starfish ___ resulted in a loss of ___[number] species |
Pisaster, 15 to 8 |
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On the island of ___, the introduction of a ___ resulted in extinction of different birds species |
Guam, snake |
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Stability refers to ___, while diversity is ___ |
how populations respond to external disturbance, number and abundance of species |
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Resilience refers to ____, while resistance refers to ___ |
how quickly the system falls back to equilibrium, how difficult it is to disturb equilibrium |
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Lotka-Volterra predation comes when ___, Damped cycles when ___, and Stable equilibrium when ____ |
the predator is a complete specialist, predator K depends on victim abundance, K is independent of abundance` |
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First ideas in the diversity-stability discussion said: ___ |
simple communities fluctuate more violently |
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May's Model says that ___ |
too rich a web connectance (C) or too much interaction strenght (alpha) leads to less stability |
