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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of Natural Selection? |
Stabilizing Selection - The extremes are selected against Directional Selection - One extreme value is selected for Disruptive Selection - The extremes are both selected for |
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What are the prezygotic isolation types? |
Habitat - Living beings from different areas cannot mate as they cannot possibly meet either Behavioural - During the selection of a possible mate, individuals from different species may discard each other as they don’t have the same mating rituals Temporal - Individuals from different species may be in season at different times in the year so they won’t be interested in copulating at the same time. Mechanical: different species may have different sex organs which aren't compatible. Gametic: for fertilisation to occur, the sperm must reach the ovum. For this to happen they usually attract each other through chemical means, but the chemicals might vary from one specie to another. In this case gametes won’t recognise each other and fertilization won’t take place. |
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What are the postzygotic isolation types? |
Hybrid viability: sometimes the hybrid dies prematurely. Hybrid fertility: even if an offspring is produced from the mating of different species usually they are infertile as they generally have a random mixed number of chromosomes Hybrid breakdown: if the hybrid results to be fertile, the hybrid population might disappear along time as from one generation to the next they may result weaker, less fertile, etc. |
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What are the different types of speciation? |
Allopatric - A colony is split in two by a barrier and forms two species Peripatric - A small group leaves (isolates) the colony to a new niche and forms a new species Parapatric - While remaining adjacent to original colony, a new group leaves to a different niche and becomes a different species Sympatric - Within the same population a genetic polymorphism arises which eventually leads to a new species |
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What are the cell types in relation to the equator |
Hadley Cell - 0 - 30 Ferrel Cell - 30 - 60 Polar Cell - 60+ |
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Climate Diagram` |
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Latitudinal vs. Altitudinal Gradients |
Latitudinal - Different species forming from polar to tropics Altitudinal - Different species based on height, sea level to mountains |
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What is the range of tolerance? |
Where an organism can survive and thrive. The graph denotes Death to survival to growth to reproduction and fitness at the peak |
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What is the Principle of Allocation |
How organisms adapt to maximize their growth in an environment. Energy is limited and can only be used for one thing |
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What are the different heat exchanges? |
Metabolic, Conduction (ground), Convection (air), radiation, evaporation |
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What are the different temperature regulation types? |
Poikilotherm - Body temp. varies with environment. Homeotherms - Body temp. relatively constant regardless of environment. Ectotherms - Body temp. is controlled using external energy. Endotherms - Body temp. is controlled internally |
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What are the 3 osmotic types? |
Isosmotic - Equal osmotic pressure Hyperosmotic - Organism has a lower water concentration and is flooded Hypoosmotic - Organism has a higher water concentration and loses water |
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What is the difference between Heterotrophs and Autotrophs? |
Heterotrophs - Use organic molecules as sources of carbon and energy Autotrophs - Use inorganic sources of carbon and energy |
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C3 vs C4 vs CAM |
C3 are normal plants, C4 plants have 2 separate cells, mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. CAM open their stomata at night. |
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What are the three functional response curves? |
Type 1 - linear and assuming as prey amount increases so to does consumption Type 2 - decelerating intake rate, which follows from the assumption that the consumer is limited by its capacity to process food Type 3 - similar to type II in that at high levels of prey density, saturation occurs. But now, at low prey density levels, the graphical relationship of number of prey consumed and the density of the prey population is a more than linearly increasing function of prey consumed by predators. |
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What is Optimal Foraging Theory? |
A model that helps predict how an animal behaves when it's searching for food. Although obtaining food provides the animal with energy, searching for and capturing the food require both energy and time. The animal wants to gain the most benefit (energy) for the lowest cost during foraging, so that it can maximize its fitness. OFT helps predict the best strategy that an animal can use to achieve this goal. |
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What is Marginal value theorem? |
An optimality model that usually describes the behaviour of an optimally foraging individual in a patchy system. The resources (often food) in patchy systems are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources. Due to the resource-free space, animals must spend time travelling between patches. |
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Difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection? |
Mate choice by males or females is intersexual selection. within one sex. Male-male competition for access to mates is the major form of intrasexual selection. |
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What are the different mating systems? |
Monogomy - Genetic and Social Promiscuity - Polygyny (1 male, many females) Polyandry (1 female, many males) Polygynandry (many males and females) |
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What is the niche? |
An ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces. |
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What is the fundamental niche? |
The fundamental niche of a species includes the total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for existence without the influence of interspecific competition or predation from other species. |
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Fundamental vs Realized Niche |
Fundamental niche is the full range where as realized niche is where the species actually lives |
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Abundance vs Density vs Distribution |
Abundance is an ecological concept referring to the relative representation of a species in a particular ecosystem. Density is a measure of the number of organisms that make up a population in a defined area. Species distribution is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. |
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What is a Metapopulation? |
A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. |
