Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the classical view? |
Living organisms are constant and unchanging. This view takes back to the Greeks, but even Aristotle wondered about all the species he couldn't classify. |
|
|
Buffon (1770s) |
Noted that there had been only a single center of creation, species spreading out from this center would have eventually been stopped by mountains and seas. Suggested that the creation of species is spread out in space and that perhaps some species become modified over time. |
|
|
Erasmus Darwin (1770s) |
Impressed by the diversity of species generated by selected breeding.
Suggested that all organisms had a common ancestor.
This information was later used by Charles Darwin, his grandson. |
|
|
Juan Baptiste de Larmarck (1809) |
Suggested that life had been gradually improving from a once simple state.
Purposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Suggested that species change over time and that the environment was a factor in this change. |
|
|
What is evolution? |
Charles Darwin defined it as decent with modification.
Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle in 1831-36.
He was not the first to suggest that evolution occurs, but he was the first to suggest a plausible mechanism. |
|
|
Descent with modification |
All organisms can be traced back through a series of common ancestors.
Allows for tests of Evolution.
Example: If a house has been renovated one or more times, if we look hard enough, we can find vestiges of the first house. |
|
|
Scientific theories and scientific facts |
Both are rigorously tested, and they are called theories and facts if the same result happens over and over again. I.e. gravity |
|
|
Science vs. Religion |
Not incompatible, as are designed for different tasks.
Religion is a system of beliefs generating a set of values and culture.
Science is a specific tool for asking questions and rigorously testing them.
Many scientists are religious.
|
|
|
Armadillos and fossil Glyptodonts (Evidence for Biogeography) |
Both found in S. America.
Darwin suggested that the armadillo evolved from the glyptodont or a close relative.
Biogeography supports evolution because organisms are not distributed evenly throughout the world, but related organisms are found in the same isolated parts of the world |
|
|
Evidence of Functional Morphology |
Vestigial Organs I.e. vestigial toes in horses
Homologous structures- structures that has the same blueprint and pieces but have different functions. (i.e., the arm bones in humans a horses.) |
|
|
Fossils: The Hard Evidence for evolution |
Shows a succession from very simple morphological forms early in the fossil record to much more complex forms that appear much later in the fossil record.
Shows multiple examples of transitional forms.
Direct evidence for descent with modification. Ev |
|
|
Evidence from comparative embryology |
At the start, observation was made that the embryos of very different vertebrates looked very similar.
Appeared as if earlier developmental stages are common to many different species. |
|
|
Haeckel (First law of development) |
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Specifically, during development the embryo seems to pass through stages represented by adult organisms of more primitive species. |
|
|
Von Baer's Law (Second law of development) |
The features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development. |
|
|
Evidence from animal breeding |
Darwin was greatly impressed by how much domesticated animals had been changed by artificial selection. |
|
|
Molecular evidence of shared ancestry |
More closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences. |
|
|
Genomic evidence |
Huge amounts of genomic data from 500+ species.
Most DNA is non coding (does not make transcript).
Massive evidence of how new genes have evolved from old. |
|
|
Pseudogenes |
Defective copies of a gene that no longer work (may contain early stop codons, be truncated copies, contain major deletions, locations random in the genome)
Humans and chimps share many pseudogenes with the same errors in the same location. |
|
|
Why Evolution? |
Explains and unites a number of otherwise strange observations of biogeopgraphy, functional morphology, embryology, and molecular biology.
Has stood the "test of time"
Testable predictions (bat and what biochem closer than bat and bird) |
