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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ecology
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seeks to answer basic questions about relationships of orgs to environment
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Environmentalism---
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seeks ways to solve problemsof environment.
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Population
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Herd of Pronghorns
group of 2 or more individuals of a single species. |
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Community
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hawk, snake, pronghorns
all organisms (all species) in a given area. |
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Ecosystem
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Snake Bushes Grass Pronghorns Hawk Water Soil Air
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Biosphere
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Earth’s surface
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Energy:
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open system
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Producers
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autotroph
–Photosynthesizers –Chemosynthesizers |
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Consumers
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heterotroph
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primary consumers
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Herbivores:
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secondary or tertiary consumers
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Carnivores, Omnivores
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Detritivore(Decomposer)
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use dead organisms as energy source
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Source:
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Sun, photosynthesis ( some chemosynthesis)
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Food Chains and Webs--
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shows sequence of organisms in which energy flows.
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Trophic Levels
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refers to where an organism is in the flow of energy.
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Producer
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base of energy flow or food chain/web.
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Consumer
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1) Herbivore: use producers directly= Primary Consumer.
–2) Carnivore: use producer indirectly = Secondary Consumer |
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Omnivore(Secondary Consumer):
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eats variety of organisms.
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Carnivore:
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»a) Primary Carnivore: eat herbivores
»b) Secondary Carnivore: eat primary carnivore or other level |
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Nutrients (matter):
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closed system; constant cycling of material through the ecosystem.
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Matter
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finite amount, cannot be created or destroyed under normal conditions
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Habitat:
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place where an organism lives
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Niche:
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the function of an organism , what it does or how it interacts with its environment
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Biomes:
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Terrestrial communities of similarly adapted species occupying similar climatic areas around the world.
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Tundra:
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arctic and high mountain
•very cold/ little precipitation •plants stunted in growth •animals (caribou) migrate to warmer areas or are dormant during coldest period |
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Hot Desert
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•very warm/little precipitation (most in summer)
•usually great variety of plants (succulents and annuals) •large numbers'srodents, reptiles, and ants. |
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Biomes of North America
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Tiaga, Tundra, Temperate Deciduous Forest, Coniferous Forest, Mixed evergreen forests, Tropical Forersts, Grasslands and Deserts
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Pelagic
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organisms that live freely in the open ocean
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Population Density:
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number of individuals in a given area
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Factors in determining population size
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–a. Birth Rate (B) -Increase population size
–b. Immigration (I) -increases population size –c. Death Rate (D) -decreases population size. –d. Emigration (E) -decreases population size. |
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population increases
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if B + I > D + E
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population decreases
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D + E > B + I
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r
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maximum rate of increase(relates to biotic potential)
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Exponential growth
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unrestricted will eventually crash related to r.
•dN/dt= rNwhere r = 1.0 = unlimited growth |
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Logistic Growth
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•Carrying Capacity (K): # of individuals that a given area can maintain.
•dN/dt= rN(K-N)/K •Where K = Max pop [and (K-N)/K = K/K –N/K = 1-N/K] |
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Density Dependent Factors-
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when the population density of a given species affects its own population size
•Disease •Lack of resources (food, shelter, mates) |
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Density Independent Factors:
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–These are factors that act on the populations regardless of the number of individuals present.
•Climatic factors (floods, snowstorms, drought etc.) •other "external" factors (insecticides). |
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“r” species
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characterized by maximizing population growth rate.
•Small body size •short development time •large # of offspring •little parental care •short life span. •EX: Many insects, some rodents, others. |
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“K”species—
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–characterized by stable populations
•Large body size •long development time •few offspring •extended parental care •long life span. •EX: Many reptiles, fish, mammals, birds. |
