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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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geonetric growth model |
: a model of population growth that compares population sizes at regular time intervals. |
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Demography |
The study of populations |
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Growth rate |
number per unit of time produced - the number of individuals that die. |
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J shaped curve |
the shape of exponential growth when graphed |
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Exponential growth |
appropriate when young individuals are added to the population CONTINUOUSLY |
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Intrinsic growth rate |
the highest possible per capita growth rate for a population. |
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Geometric growth model |
a model of population growth that compares population sizes at regular time intervals. |
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Geometric growth |
appropriate when young individuals are added to the population at discrete intervals |
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density dependent |
factors that limit population size IN RELATION to populations density. BOTH POSITIVE (increased += more breeding AND NEGATIVE (less resources at a point) study: fruit flies _ in a bottle as density icreased competition fr food inscreased lower progeny and life history
terns [birds] nests on bird islnd move to other 2 islands as pop size goes up herring - low pop growth at high and low densitites high pop growth at intermediae density |
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negative density dependence |
when the rate of population
growth decreases as density increases. limited resources crowded populations |
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Logistic growth model |
a growth model that describes
slowing growth of populations at high densities; STUDY: 2 types of protists in test tubes human pop growth |
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LG MODEL carrying capacity (K) |
The maximum population size that can be supported by the environment. |
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LG MODEL S-shaped curve |
the shape of the curve when a population is graphed over time using the
logistic growth model. |
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Flucuations |
availability of resources predation competition disease parasites climate
cyclic and random
STUDY stable-deer on isle in scotland larger-homeostasis unstable : algae lake eerie smller- repro. fast. more fluct. gyrfalcons - hunted pop oscillated |
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density independent |
factors that limit pop size REGARDLESS of density
extreme climate conditions
ex: apple thrip insect seaasonal fluctuations on pop sizes due to tempersture |
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LG MODEL inflection point |
the point on a sigmoidal growth curve at which the population has its
highest growth rate. |
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Die-off |
a substantial decline in density that typically goes well below the carrying capacity. |
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delayed density dependence |
when density dependence occurs based on a population density
at some time in the past. time delay in development
store eergy and nutrient reserves
STUDY water fleas store lipid reserves - oscillation sheep bowfly |
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demographic stochasticity |
variation in birth rates and death rates due to random differences among individuals. |
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enviromental stochasticity |
variation in birth rates and death rates due to random changes in the environmental conditions -changes in the weather |
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extinction correlated how with popultion size |
Extinction probability was inversely correlated with population size. |
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habitat fragmenttion |
the process of breaking up large habitats into a number of smaller habitats.
human activity |
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Overshoot |
when a population grows beyond its carrying capacity carrying capacity of a habitat decreases from one year to next less resources are produced |
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patches vs matrix |
patches of suitable habitat is preferred habitat
surrounded by a matrix of unsuitable habitat. |
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mesopredator |
relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores
coyotes, weasels, feral cats |
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herbivores |
STUDY -klamath weed - europe toxis to livestock beetle introduced- 99% leafs gone -fencing prevents herbivores from grzing (over grown areas) -deer enclosure in canada -sea urchins removed - algea increased. with urchins - only unpalatable dominted without - platble dominated |
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top predators |
predators that typically consume both herbivores and predators
mountain lions, wolves, sharks humans remove top predtor mesopredators expand range STUDY austrilia remove dingoes top predators of sheep increse red fox - eat 3x sheep |
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Poulation Cycles |
regular oscillation of a population over a longer period of time. STUDY snowshoe hares and lynx |
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Lotka-Volterra model |
a model of predator-prey interactions (derivitives)
oscillations in predator and prey population
shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey. prey pop stable when rate of hange is zero addition blanced by consumption predator pop addition balanced by mortality |
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Equilibrium (zero growth) isocline |
the population size of one species that
causes the population of another species to be stable |
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joint population trajectory |
the simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations. |
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joint equlilibrium point |
the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross. |
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sources |
high-quality patches
produce a large number of individuals
disperse to other patches. |
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sinks |
low-quality patches produce few individuals rely on dispersers to keep the sink population from going extinct |
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type 1 functional response |
predators rate of prey consumption increases
linear fashion increase in prey density until satiation occurs.
As prey density increases predators consume a constant proportion of prey until satiation. |
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functional response type 1 |
relationship btw the
density of prey vs. predators rate of food consumption. type 1 predator rate increase linear - until satiation |
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Type 2 functionaal response |
predators rate of prey consumption
begins to slow prey density increases and then plateaus
predators must spend more time handling more prey. |
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type 3 functional response |
when a predator exhibits low, rapid, and slowing prey consumption
under low, moderate, and high prey densities, respectively. 1,=. prey hides 2. search image 3. prey switcching - find new prey in diet SEARCH IMAGE - learned mental image locate prey |
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numerical response |
a change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration. STUDY n america - warbler consumes budworms normal dnsity 25... budworm outbreaks- density 300 |
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rescue effect |
when dispersers supplement a declining subpopulation
prevent it from going extinct. |
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active hunting |
moving around looking for prey
birds foraging on lawns for worms |
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interspecific competition |
competition among individuals
different species. |
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resource |
anything an organism
consumes or uses
increase in population growth rate when it becomes more available.
STUDY mussels and barnicls compete space on rocks |
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renewble resource |
: resources that are constantly regenerated. |
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crypsis |
camouflage
match its environment
breaks up the outline of an individual to blend in better with the background
katydids, horned lizards |
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coeveolution |
two or more species affect each others evolution;
selection for prey defenses should favor the selection for counter-adaptation in predators.
STUDY cane toad skin toxins - snkes with longer exposure -more resistence |
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intraspecific competition |
competition among individuals
same species negative density dependence increase pop- decline growth rate |
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ambush |
(sit-and-wait) hunting strategies --lie in wait for a prey to pass by
chameleons waiting for insect prey BEHVIORAL DEFENSE ALRM CLLIING, SPATIAL AWARENESS, reduce activity STUDY tadpoles- dragonfly scares them reduce activity
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Batesian mimicry |
when palatable species
evolve warning coloration
That resembles unpalatable species
hover flies and hornet clearwings resemble the common wasp |
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exploitative competition |
competition in which individuals
consume and drive down the abundance of a resource
other individuals cannot persist
Exploitative competition is considered INDIRECT competition shared resource. |
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trade offs |
competitive ability resistance to predators or herbivores;
the most competitive organisms - most susceptible to predation or herbivory.
STUDY spadefoot and southern toads forge more than spring peepers placed without predtors- outcompetes peepers |
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apparent comptetition |
when two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy
including a predator, parasite, or herbiviore. STUDY pheasant and gray partridge - similar resources deline- prsitic nematode pheasants not harmed - partridges died |
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interferrence competition |
when competitors do not immediately consume resources but defend them;
considered direct competition. |
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obligate mutualist |
two species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist. |
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competition coeffficients |
variables that convert between
# of individuals of one species and # of individuals of other species.
can use logistic growth model
STUDY 100 rabbits vs 200 squirrels a=.5 .5 rbbit to 1 sq. b=2 2 rbbit 1 sq.
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aposematism |
a strategy where
distastefulness ~ very conspicuous colors and patterns |
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Leibig law of the minimum |
population increases
until the supply of the most limiting resource
prevents it from increasing further.
STUDY silica limiting resource for diatoms 2 populations have diff carrying capacities can affect resource for other pop when one consumes more |
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mutualism |
A positive interaction between two species
one species receives benefits that only the other species can provide. STUDY lichens - fubgus and algea corals- home for algea - catches food, emits CO2 |
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generalist |
species that interacts with many other species. |
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Mycorrhizal fungi |
Surround plant roots
help plants obtain water and minerals. |
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Endomycorrhizal fungi |
fungi characterized by hyphal threads
extend far out into the soil penetrate root cells between the cell wall and the cell membrane. |
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specialist |
a species that interacts with one other species or a few closely related species. |
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competitive exclusion principle |
2 species cannot coexist indefinitely
when they are BOTH limited by the same resource.
STUDY 2 species paraamecium - alone both pop grew together one outwon the other bedstraw grown in acidic soil - grew best in the ones that it liked- one that liked acidic won out when grown together |
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi |
fungi characterized by hyphae
surround plant roots and enter between root cells
rarely enter the cells. |
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facultative mutualist |
two species that provide fitness benefits to each other
interaction is not critical to the persistence of either species. |
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
a type of endomycorrhizal fungi
Infects a tremendous number of plants
apple trees, peach trees, coffee trees, and grasses |
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allelopathy |
a type of interference competition that
occurs when organisms use
chemicals to harm their competitors.
STUDY reed in wetlands - gallic acid- toxic- invasive staains ore toxic than native |
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chemical defenses |
bombdier beetle - mixes chemical from glands - boiling liquid -spry on predator |
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resources in plants |
STUDY rhizobium bacteria with beans provide nodules for bacteri home bcteria convert nitrogen to ammonia ants live in hallow throns in tree- ands defend against herbivores |
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resources in animals |
protozoans in termite guts digest wood particles - get a home STUDY shrimp burrow gobie fish share burrow - alert blind shrimp whe predators coming honey guide birds - bird finds hive humaan break open hive |
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endophytic fungi |
live inside plants tissues chemicals that deter herbivores increase minereals in drought season |
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animal defense |
wrasse fish eat ectoprasites on larger fish oxpeckers on thinos consume ticks |
