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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Direct effects |
Deals with the direct effect of one individual on another and not mediated or transmitted through a third individual |
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Indirect effects |
Occur when the influence of one species the donor is transmitted through a second species the transmitter to a third species the receiver |
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Interaction chain |
In which a donor species affect the abundance of a transmitter and has an effect on a recipient |
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Interaction modification |
Occurs when the donor species alters some attributes of the transmitter such as behaviour and has an effect on a recipient |
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Neutral interaction (or neutralism) |
Interacting species have no effect on each other |
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Positive interaction (facilitation) |
An interaction in which either both participating species or at least one of the participants gets benefits and neither is harmed |
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Negative interaction |
An interaction in which either both participating species or one of the participants gets harmed |
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Mutualism |
Two different species in which both members of the association benefited Individuals of both species enhance their survival, growth, or reproduction |
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Obligate mutualism |
Both organisms benefit by living in close association and the relationship is obligatory (i.e. neither can survive without each other) |
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Facultative mutualism (protocooperation) |
Mutualists benefit by living in close association but the relationship in not obligatory |
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Symbiosis |
Simply means living together Used in a broad sense to describe all types of interactions (positive, negative or neutral) |
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Based on the nature of service involved mutualism can be |
Dispersive, defensive and resource based mutualism |
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Dispersive mutualism |
Involves mutualistic association in which one partner species distributing pollens or seeds of another species and in return receives resource for growth |
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Defensive mutualism |
Involves mutualistic association in which one partner provides protection to another partner against herbivores or parasites in exchange for a place to live or for nutrients needed for growth |
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Resource based mutualism |
Involves interactions where resources (such as nutrients) obtained from one mutualist is made available to another |
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Examples of mutualism |
Reef forming corals and algae Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in root nodules of legumes Lichens are a mutualistic association of photo autotrophic algae and heterotrophic fungi |
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Commensalism |
A symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed |
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Examples of commensalism |
Epiphytes (eg. some tropical orchids) grow in branches of other trees Woody climbers (lianas) take the support of trees to climb |
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Predation |
Consumption of one living organism (the prey) by another (the predator) excluding scavengers and decomposers Mathematical models (Lotka Volterra) suggest the interaction between prey and their predators result in couples oscillations |
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Cryptic coloration (camouflage) |
Colours and patterns that allow prey to blend into the background |
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Aposematic colouration (warning colouration) |
Intensive colours are usually a warning sign of well protected toxic organisms Bright colouration is usually a sign of toxicity |
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Mimicry |
A phenomenon whereby an individual of one species gains advantage by resembling an individual of a different species |
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Müllerian mimicry |
Several groups of organisms gain an advantage by lookin gn like one another |
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Batesian mimicry |
A vulnerable organism gains advantage by looking like a dangerous or distasteful organism |
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Parasitism |
In a relationship between two organisms in which one species (parasite) benefits for growth and reproduction and the other species (host) is harmed |
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Parasitoid |
An organism that lives the entire life attached to or within a single host It ultimately sterilises or kills and sometimes consumes the host Parasitoids are large relative to their hosts |
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Microparasites |
Includes viruses, bacteria and Protozoans |
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Macroparasites |
Include flatworms, roundworms, flukes, lice, fleas and ticks |
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Transmission of a parasite |
May be direct from host to host Or indirect through a vector |
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Definitive host |
The host in which parasites reaches maturity and if applicable reproduces sexually |
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Types of parasites |
Endoparasite and ectoparasite Intercellular and intracellular |
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Epiparasite |
Parasite that feed on other parasite The relationship is referred to as hyperparasitism |
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Amensalism |
One organism is harmed and other is unaffected |
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Examples of amensalism |
Many molds, including Penicillium secrete chemicals that kill other bacteria in their vicinity |
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Allelopathy |
A biological interaction in which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival and reproduction of other organisms |
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Allelochemicals |
Can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or harmful (negative allelopathy) effects on the organisms |
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Competition |
Occurs when two organisms compete for the same resource resulting reduced fitness in the competing individuals |
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Interspecific competition |
Occurs between individuals of two different species |
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Interference competition |
Is observed when two species come into direct contact with each other such as fighting or defending a territory |
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Exploitation competition |
Organisms compete directly through the consumption of a limited resource Exploitation occurs only when the resource in question is in limited supply |
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Intraspecific competition |
Occurs between individuals of the same species Individuals of the same species have very similar requirements for survival, growth and reproduction |
