Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Echinoderms
|
-echinoderms are named for spines or spikes observed in many species.
-larvae are bilaterally symmetric, as are other deuterostomes, but adults are radially symmetric. -defined by a unique morpholical feature: Water vascular system -important part of this system: Tube feet, podia, and endoskeleton |
|
|
Water vascular system
|
a series of branching fluid filled tubes and champers that forms a hydrostatic skeleton.
|
|
|
Tube feet
|
elongated fluid filled structures
|
|
|
Podia
|
sections of the tube feet that project outside the body and are involved in motion along a substrate
|
|
|
Endoskeleton
|
A hard supportive structure inside the body
|
|
|
Chordate
|
4 morpholigcal features:
-Pharyngeal gill slits: openings into the throat -notochord: supportive but flexible rod that runs the length of the body, while the dorsal holow nerve cord is a bundle of nerve cells running next to it -dorsal hollow nerve cord -muscular post-anal tail |
|
|
Urochordates
|
-also known as tunicates
-pharyngeal gill slits are present in both larvae and adults, but the notochord, dorsal hollow nerve, and tail occur only in the larvae |
|
|
Cephalochordates
|
-also called lancelets
-are small, movile suspension feeders that look somewhat like fish |
|
|
Tetrapods
|
-first vertebrates that could reproduce on land
-3 major evolutionary innovations gave tetrapods this ability: the amniotic egg, the placenta, and elaboration of parental care |
|
|
Parental care
|
encompasses any action by a parent that improves the ability of its offspring to survive.
|
|
|
Lactate
|
to produce milk and use it to feed their offspring after birth(female mammals trait)
|
|
|
3 subphya of Chordata
|
-Urochordates
-Cephalochordates -Crianata -vetebrates |
|
|
Urochordates(Tunicates)
|
-there are about 1600 known species, also called sea squirts, all found in the ocean
-an exoskeleton-like coat called a TUNIC, a U-shaped gut, and two siphons -tunicates are suspension feeders -larvae swim with the aid of notocord adults float or are sessile. |
|
|
Cephalochordata(Lancelets)
|
-lancelets look like fish but actually have several characeristics that are intermediate between invertebrates and vertebrates.
-chief among these is a notochord that is retained in adults, where it functions as an endoskeleton and aid in movement. |
|
|
Craniates
|
-the craniates are LINEAGES WITH SKULLS. all vertebreates are craniates; however, the hagfish and lampreys are craniates but not vertebrates.
-hagfish lack a vertebral column, but lampreys have small pieces of cartilage along the length of their dorsal hollow nerve cord. |
|
|
Vertebrata - chondrichthys(sharks,rays, skates)
|
-the 970 species in this lineage are distinguished by their CARTILAGINOUS SKELETON, the presence of JAWS, and the existence of PAIRED FINS
-some sharks are VIVPAROUS, as are rays. Skates are OVIPAROUS |
|
|
Vertebrata - actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
|
-ray finned fishes have FINS SUPPORTED BY LONG BONY RODS ARRANGED IN A RAY PATTERN.
-about 96% of living fish species are TELEOSTS -most ancient living vertebrates that have a skeleton made of bone -avoid sinking in the water with the aid of gas-filled swim bladder |
|
|
Vertebrata - coelacanths and lungfish
|
-lobe-finned fishes
-their fleshy lobe-shaped fins are supported by a linear arrangement of bones and muscles similar to those observed in tetrapods |
|
|
Vertebrata - amphibia (frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
|
-amphibians are the MOST ANCIENT TETRAPODS
-in many species, gas exchange occurs exclusively or in part through their moist,mucus-covered skin -adult amphibians are carnivores and find their food on land, but many species must lay their eggs in water. |
|
|
Mammalia(mammals)
|
mammals are endotherms
-one of their distinguishing characteristics is having HAIR or FUR to insulate the body -another characteristics is mammary glands for lactation |
|
|
Mammalia - monotremata (platypusses, echidnas)
|
monotremes are THE MOST ANCIENT GROUP OF MAMMALS LIVING TODAY
-they LAY EGGS and have lower metabolic rates than other mammals |
|
|
Mammalia - Marsupiala (marsupials)
|
-females have a placenta, but the young are bron poorly developed after short embryonic period
|
|
|
Reptilia (turtles, snakes, and lizards, crocodiles, birds)
|
-the reptiles are a monophyletic group
-major feature distinguishing the reptilian and mammalian lineages is the number of placement of openings in the side of the skull -in addition to amniotic eggs, other features that adapt reptiles to life on land are the presence of scales and well developed lungs. -except for birds, all of these lineages are ECTOTHERMS |
|
|
Primates
|
-lineage consists of two main groups:
-the prosimians (before-monkeys) -the anthropoids(human-like) -the lineage composed of the GREAT APES is called HOMINIDS. humans are the only great ape that is fully BIPEDAL(two footed) walking upright on two legs |
|
|
HOMININS
|
hominins can be organized into four general groups:
-Autralopithecus: composed of four species of small apes called GRACILE(slender) australopithecines. -Paranthropus, composed of bipedal ROBUST australopithecines; this lineage is hypothesized to have become extinct during human evolution -Early Homo, composed of the first humans, toolmaking was their hallmark. species in the genus homo are called HUMANS -Late Homo, homoe sapiens, including the cro-magnons and neanderthals. there is evidence that both populations created art and buried their dead in an organized manner. |
