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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do stream dwellers stay sill?
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streamlined bodies
bottom dwelling adhesion to surfaces |
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Spates
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tendency to get washed downstream in spates
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What is another way that stream dwellers can get back ustream as adults?
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adult stage can fly
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metapopulation
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made up of a groupd of subpopulations living on patches of habitat connected by an exchange of individuals
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Give an example of a metapopulation
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alpine butterfly
lesser kestrels |
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what are the three main methods of estimation patterns of survival
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cohert life table
static life table age distribution |
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what is the cohert life table
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identify indiviuals born at the same time and keep records from birth
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what are static life tables
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record age at death of individuals (can use skeletons)
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what is an age distribution table
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calculates differences in proportion of ind in each age class
assumes difference from mortality |
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What are the three types of survivorship curves
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type I II III
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What is Type I
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marjoity of mortality occurs among older indiciduals
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Type II
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constant rate of survival throughout lifetime
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Type III
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high mortality amoung young followed by hgh survivorship ex. sea turtles
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give example of type I
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dall sheep
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show survivorship curves
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# survivors
Age I II III |
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What is a major assumption in collecting skull heads for Type I analysis
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proportion of skulls in each age class represented typical proportion of individuals dying at that age
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which size of skulls maybe underrepresents
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little young ones
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give example of type II
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birds
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give an example type of III
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plant --> many seeds only few survive
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how do rio grande cottonwood populations stay alive?
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depend on seasonal floods to keep nursery areas moinst
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what happened with the spring floods stopped for the rio grande cottonwoods?
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fewer germination areas --> bad outlook for future
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what happened to age distribution of galapagos finches
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age distribution gap because of drought in 1977
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why do population sizes change?
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INCREASE -- birth, immigration
DECRASE-- death, emigration |
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Nt=
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Bo+B+D+I-E
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When are I and E igrnoed
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ie humans because we pretty much populate the world
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what is the exponential model
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Nt = NoE^rt
e^r = number of femal offspring per individual t= time expressed as umber of generations |
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what are the assumptions in the exponential model
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- continuous reproduction (no seasonality)
- all organisms are identical (no age structure) - environment is constant in space and time (resources are unlimited) |
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show the exponential model graph
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t is x
y is N |
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describe the aplications of the exponential model
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microbiology
conservation biology insect rearing plant or insect quarantine fishery |
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STUDY
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barnacles show distinctive patterns of zonation within intertidal zones
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Where can two different types of barnacles live?
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one type does well with being exposed and lives high the other doesn't do well being exposed so lives low
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describe random distribution
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neutral interactions-- uniform distribution of resources
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describe regular distribution
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uniformly spaced- exclusive use of areas - individuals avoid one another
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clumped
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unequal chance of being anywhere -- common resources mutual attraction pathcy resource distribution
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are regular distributions antagonistic?
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yes
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how are bees distributed
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agressive bees are regular distribution
non agressive ones are clumped or random |
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why are shrubs clumped
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seeds germinate at safe sites
seeds not dispersed from parent areas asexual reproduction |
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where do shrubs fight
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root level
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what type of roots do shrubs have
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non circular roots-- irregular shape depends on if they encounter a predator
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define population
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group of ind of a single species inhabiting a specific area usually reproductively connected
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what are other characteristics of a population
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age distr
growth rates distribution abundance |
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What are distribution limits?
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environment limits
organisms can only compensate so much for environmental variation |
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What is special about the kangaroos
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distribution and climate
-- limited distribution may not be directly determined by climate climate often influences species distributions via - food production - water supply - habitat - incidence of parasites, pathogens, and competitors |
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how does climate influence distribution of a species?
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food production
water suply habitat incidence of parasites pathogens and competitors |
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where do tigers beetles live and why?
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up high because they prefer lower temps for metabolism rates which shows how physical environment limits epcies distribution
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What happened to passenger pigeons?
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large pop, easy target
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what is special about africanized honey bees
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extremely fast growth
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increased prey leads to
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increase predators
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as population density declines with
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increasing organism size
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do aquatic invertebrates tend to have higher or lower population densities than terrestrial inverts of similar size
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higher pop is aquatic
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STUDY
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big plants have low density
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what was rabinowitz's commonness classification based on (3 factors)
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geogrpahic range of species
habitat tolerance local pop size |
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STUDY
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populations that are least threatened by extinction have extensive geographic ranges, broad habitat tolerances, and some large local populations
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Rarity I
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extensive range, broad habitat tolerance, small local pop
ex. peregrine falcon |
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rarity II
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extensive range, large populations, narrow habitat tolerance
ex. passenger pigeon |
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STUDY
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low adult survival is natural selection will faovr allocating greater resources to reproduction
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r selection
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per capita rate of increase
characteristic high population growth rate |
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k selection
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carrying capacity
characteristic efficient resource use --> survivorship higher |
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Remeber this**
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r and K are end of a continuum while most organisms are in between
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r selection example
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weedy in unpredictable environment
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is r selection better for plants or animals?
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animals
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who thought of r and k selection
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macarthur and wilson
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when is intrinsic rate of increase highest
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in r selected
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when is competitivity highest
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in k selected
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are K individuals big or small
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big and grow more slowly
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define intensity of disturbance
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any rpocess limiting plants by destroying biomass
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defne intensity of stress
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external constraints limiting rate of dry matter production
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what does intensity of stress do to growth rate
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reduces intrinsic growth rate
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what does intnesity of disturbance do to biomass
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removes it ex. fires or grazers
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define ruderals
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highy disturbed areas
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stress tolerant
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high stress no disturbance
--> grow slowly conserve resourcesq |
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competitive
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low disturbance low stress
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what did winemiller and rose propose baed on age reproducive maturity
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juvenile survivorship
fecundity reproductve age of maturity |
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who converted life history into dimensions
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charnov
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what are the dimensions of charnov
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adult mortality
relative reproduction relative offspring size |
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name six ways to disperse seeds
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unassisted
adhesion wind ant vertebrate scatterhoard |
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what is unassisted
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no specialized structures
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what is ant
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oil surface coating (elaisome) ants eat it
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what is vertebrate seed dispersal
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fleshy coating aril
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what is scatterhoarded
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gathered, stored in chaches
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what size and pop size of plants have an advantage in areas of high disturbance
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small plants with large seeds
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NOTE THIS
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large seeds produce larger seedings and were associated with incraese recruitment
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goals are different before and after age of sexual maturity
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before and after focus on maintenance or growth
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If you die young when do you reproduce?
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young
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principle of allocation
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if organisms use energy for one function such as growth, the amount of energy available for other functions is reduced
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nOTe It
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lots of animals spend most time in resource acquisition
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what animal shows the most variation in life history?
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fish
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do fish produce large or small eggs?
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lots of small eggs
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can seed dispersal method influence the seed size?
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yes
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what are four plant forms according to westoby et al
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graminoids
forbs woody plants climbers |
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what are graminoids?
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grass and grass like plants
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what are forbs?
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herbaceous nongraminoids
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woody plants
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woody theckening of tissues
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what are climbers plants?
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climbing plants and vines
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niche
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summarizes environmental factors that influence growth survival and reproduction of a species
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**Two species with identical niches...
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cannot coexist indefinitely--> one will be a better competitor and thus have higher fitness and eventually exclude the other
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give an example of a pop crash
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moose on isle royal
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give another example of a population crash
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humans on easter island ate all the plants!
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have we exceeded earths carrying capacity
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I DONNO
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what are the types of competition
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interference
intraspecific interspecific |
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interfernece
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direct aggressive interaction between individuals (-,-)
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intraspecific
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competition with members of own species
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interspecific
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competition between individuals of two secies-- reduces fitness of both
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where is D=B
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sweden
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Where is B<D
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Hungary
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where is B>D
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Rwanda
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what is the most common way of competing?
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neutralism (0.0)
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amensalism
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(-,0)
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mutualsim
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(+,+)
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exploitation
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superior ability to gather resources (+,-)
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what is an example of an exploiter
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paratsite
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commensalism
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ex. face mites
(+,0) |
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what do plant growth rates do in low desnity populations
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plant growth rates and weights increase
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is competition more intense at higher population densities?
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yes
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what can restrict species to their realized niches
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competition
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if competitive interactions are strong and pervasive what can happen?
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evolutionary response or a change in fundamental niche
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what did grant discover about beak size
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translates directly into diet
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what does lotka volterra predict
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coexistence of two species occurs when for both species interspecific competition is weaker than intraspecific
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WHAT DID BROWN FIND OUT ABOUT RODENTS IN THE DESERT
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small granivorous rodent populationsw oudl increase in response to removal of larger granivorous rodents
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mutualism
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interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners
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give the equation for biotic potential
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Nt = NoE^rt
e^r is females no is initial pop time |
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give an animal that is associated with biotic potential
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fruit flies --> importance of decomposers
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what woudl be an example of a density dependent factor
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disease
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define mututalism
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interactions between indicivuals of differnt speices that benefit both partners
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faculative mutualism
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when a species can live without its mutualistic partner
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obligate
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when it cant' live without mutualistic partner
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what is special about mycorrhizal fungi
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can improve root system with more available water and nutrients
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what does mycorrhizal fungi gain?
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fixed carbons
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what is an example of obligate mutualism
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ants on acacia tree
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what are beltian bodies
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source of oils and protein for ants on acacia tree
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how does ants help acacia tree?
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clean up leaf litter
clip vines sting herbevores |
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give an expample of facultative mutualism
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ants on aspen sunflower-- not obligate because sunflower can die from frost and ants will move on
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describe coral mutualism
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between zooxanthallae increase pH making it easier for corl to lay carbonate skiletons and corals give nutrients
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is coral mutualism facultative or obligate?
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both
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do zozan benefit from coral waste?
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yes Nitrogen
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talk about fish mutualism
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big fish lets little guys in mouth top reduce parasite load
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talk about lynx and hare
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predation oscillates
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how can prey persist in the fac eof exploitation
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need refuges and complex environment
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give an example of a refuge
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size!
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skip
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s
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exploitation
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interactyion between populations that enhances fitness of one indicivudual while reducing firness of the exploited individual
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parasites may alter host behavoir?
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yes! for example, puccinia infects arabis rosettes
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howwas the prickly pear cactus controlled in australia?
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exploitation
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when grown alone carrying capacity is determined by _____
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intraspecific competition
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IMPORTANT
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degree of niche overlap determines degree of competition
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fundamental niche
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hypervolume
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realized niche
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includes interactions such as competition that may restrict environments wher a species may live
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what is the shape of a logistics model graph?
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s shaped
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what is n/k
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environmental resistance
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give an example of density indepenedent factors
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natural disasters
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