Ecol Exam 2 Part Ii

Front 1

When did darwin go to the galapagos

Back 1

1835

Front 2

Who's essay did he read before he theorized some eindividuals would habe a competitive advatantage conferred by favorable characterisitcs?

Back 2

thomas malthus 1838

Front 3

What is the hardy weinberg equation

Back 3

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0

Front 4

what are the conditions of hardy weinberg

Back 4

1) random mating
2) no mutations
3) large pop size
4) no immigration
5) equitable fitness between all genotypes

Front 5

What were darwin's observations

Back 5

reproduction is excessive --> most populations are stable --> resources are limited --> individuals in a pop vary to their characteristics --> much of this variation is heritable

Front 6

Observation: reproductive output is excessive, most populations are stable

Back 6

production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence with only a fraction of offspring surviving to the next generation

Front 7

Observation: resources are limited

Back 7

survival in the struggle for existence is not random but depends in part on the herditary constitution of surviving

Front 8

Observation: individuals in a population vary in their characteristics; no two are alike

Back 8

those who are more fit will leave more offspring than less fit

Front 9

Observation: much of this variation is heritable

Back 9

there is an uneven prob. of individuals to survive and reporduce will lead to a gradual change in the population with favorable traits accumulating

Front 10

What did gregor mendel study?

Back 10

garden peas

Front 11

What did mendel discover?

Back 11

peas pass characteristics from parent to offspring in discrete packets called genes-- exist in alternate forms called alleles

Front 12

what are alleles?

Back 12

alternate forms of genes... some prevent others from being expressed

Front 13

what are ecotypes?

Back 13

different groups of individuals adapted for growing under certain ecological conditions-- live in certain environments

Front 14

Who founded ecotypes?

Back 14

clausen

Front 15

Who used randomly amplified polymorphic DNA to support separation of species/

Back 15

Hansen-- there is more variation among species than between ind

Front 16

What did the size of chuckwalla lizards depend on?

Back 16

food availability which depended on rainfall because they are herbevores

Front 17

Explain change due to chance

Back 17

random processes such as genetic drift can change gene frequencies in pops, especially in small populations
** major concern is habitat fragmentation

Front 18

natural selection

Back 18

some individuals because of phenotype live longer to reproduce offspring

Front 19

What are three microevolutions of natural selection?

Back 19

stabilizing
directional
disruptive

Front 20

What is stabilizing?

Back 20

impedes extreme phenotypes

Front 21

what is directional

Back 21

favors on extreme phenotype

Front 22

what is disruptive selection

Back 22

selects against average

Front 23

What level does macroevolution take place at?

Back 23

species

Front 24

what level does microevolution take place?

Back 24

in lab-- easily

Front 25

define the variables
h2 = Vg/Vp

Back 25

heritability of a trait
genetic variance
variation in phenotype

Front 26

define the variable
Vp = (Vg + Ve)

Back 26

variation in phenotype
genetic variance
environmental variance (think summer)

Front 27

What happens on islands as far as genetic variation

Back 27

decreases

Front 28

How does inbreeding effect genetic variation?

Back 28

higher rate of extinction

Front 29

How do you measure inbreeding?

Back 29

by heterozygosity

Front 30

How does sex make it difficult for pathogens?

Back 30

gives them a moving target

Front 31

study me

Back 31

supplies of energy for allocation to leave stems and roots by optimal foraging

Front 32

How do plants appear to allocate?

Back 32

in a manner that increases rate of acquisition of resources in shortest supply

Front 33

what are toxins?

Back 33

digestion reducing compounds

Front 34

What physical and chemical defenses must herbivores overcome?

Back 34

cellulose, lignin, toxins

Front 35

How can the evolution of sociality be compared?

Back 35

cooperative feeding
defense and social group
restricterd reproduciton opportunities

Front 36

What is eusociality?

Back 36

complex level of sociality characterized by
1) ind. of more than one generation living together
2) cooperative care of the young
3) division of ind. into nonreproductive and reproductive castes

Front 37

define cooperative breeders

Back 37

help raise offspring that are not their own

Front 38

what do cooperative breeders gain?

Back 38

inclusive fitness-- improve survival and reproductive rates of family members

inherited territory- may increase helper's prob. of future reproduction and recruiting helpers

kin selection

Front 39

Why do male lions cooperate with other males who are not very related?

Back 39

single males have no chance of claiming and defending a pride

Front 40

give an example of eusocial animals

Back 40

naked molerats

Front 41

AAAHHH!! take a break :)

Back 41

yes

Front 42

What is eusociality?

Back 42

complex level of sociality characterized by
1) ind. of more than one generation living together
2) cooperative care of the young
3) division of ind. into nonreproductive and reproductive castes

Front 43

define cooperative breeders

Back 43

help raise offspring that are not their own

Front 44

what do cooperative breeders gain?

Back 44

inclusive fitness-- improve survival and reproductive rates of family members

inherited territory- may increase helper's prob. of future reproduction and recruiting helpers

kin selection

Front 45

Why do male lions cooperate with other males who are not very related?

Back 45

single males have no chance of claiming and defending a pride

Front 46

give an example of eusocial animals

Back 46

naked molerats