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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cyanobacteria is only prokaryot that produces... via photosynthesis
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oxygen
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porkaryotes that DO NOT produce oxygen via photosynthesis
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green sulfur bacteria. gram positive bacteria. purple bacteria
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chloroplast of photosynthetic protests come from
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once free living cyanobacteria
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mitochondria and chlorolast group with...
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eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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universal design of photosynthetic structure includes...
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antena, harvesting pigments, protein core reaction center
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how is sugar removed to the cytosol
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via phtotophate translocator, c02 fixation by rubisco is maintained/or increased
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what are some advantages to moving to land?
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stomata, gametangia, cuticles, pigments, thick cell walls
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derived non-seed plats and seed plants share what synapomorphy?
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tracheids
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How are hornwarts different from liverworts and mosses?
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They formsymbiotic associations with nitrogen filling cyanobacteria
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Where do parts of flowers in agiosperms come from?
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modifed leaves
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Water movement from soil to the plant occurs from...
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tension developed form the evaporative loss of water from leaves
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Nitrogen is main limiting factor in plant communitities because...
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plants need nitorgen to construct proteins
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Life evolved the ability to transform light energy into chemical bonds used in metabolism at what time? and through the evolution of what?
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3.6+ billion years ago; through the evolution of much of the glycolitic pathway
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photosystem I and II can be found...
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operating in isolation bacteria, and in eukaryotic photoautotrophic cells
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What happens when sugars produced in the chloroplast ARE NOT removed to the cytosol via photophate translocator?
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Calvin cycle will not operate; chloroplats fill with starch
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Ecdysozoan lineage is characterized by...
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A nonliving external covering (exoskeleton/cuticle)
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An animal with an exoskeleton grows by...
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periodically shedding its exoskeleton/replacing it larger one (molding)
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Many members of several phyla of marine worms with thin cuticles are descendants of...
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early slpit in acdysozoan lineage
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Tough cuticles are found in memebrs of which two phyla
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the horsehair worms and roundworms
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Roundworms fall into which category?
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parastites
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Animals with rigid exoskeletons lack what for locomotion? How do they move?
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cilia; have appendages that can be moved by muscles
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Most reserachers agree that the arthropod groups are ...
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monophyletic
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Onychorophorans and tardigrades have what similar physical property? What are they similar to?
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soft, unjointed leg; ancestral arthropods
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What eras did trilobites flourish in? When did they become extinct?
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Cambrain and Ordovician; Paleozoic
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Name the three regions that divide the crustacean/insect body
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head, thorax, abdomen
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List some crustaceans
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Shrimp, lobster, crayfish, crabs, sow bugs, sand fleas, etc
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link Crustacean lineage to athropods
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Crustacean lineage is ancestral to all arthropods
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Where did the wings of insects come from?
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dorsal branches of multibranchal ancestral apendages
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what is a myriopod?
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Many segments, many pairs of legs (centipede, milipede)
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Where did protosome evolution take place?
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oceans
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Ecdysozoan lineage is characterized by...
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A nonliving external covering (exoskeleton/cuticle)
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An animal with an exoskeleton grows by...
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periodically shedding its exoskeleton/replacing it larger one (molding)
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Many members of several phyla of marine worms with thin cuticles are descendants of...
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early slpit in acdysozoan lineage
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Tough cuticles are found in memebrs of which two phyla
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the horsehair worms and roundworms
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Roundworms fall into which category?
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parastites
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Animals with rigid exoskeletons lack what for locomotion? How do they move?
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cilia; have appendages that can be moved by muscles
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Most reserachers agree that the arthropod groups are ...
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monophyletic
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Onychorophorans and tardigrades have what similar physical property? What are they similar to?
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soft, unjointed leg; ancestral arthropods
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What eras did trilobites flourish in? When did they become extinct?
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Cambrain and Ordovician; Paleozoic
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Name the three regions that divide the crustacean/insect body
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head, thorax, abdomen
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List some crustaceans
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Shrimp, lobster, crayfish, crabs, sow bugs, sand fleas, etc
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link Crustacean lineage to athropods
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Crustacean lineage is ancestral to all arthropods
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Where did the wings of insects come from?
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dorsal branches of multibranchal ancestral apendages
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what is a myriopod?
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Many segments, many pairs of legs (centipede, milipede)
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Where did protosome evolution take place?
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oceans
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What was the advantage of subdivision of the body cavity for insects?
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better movement in water
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The outer covering of ecdosozoans
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ranges from very thin to very hard and rigid
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primary suport for members of phyla of small worms
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hydrostatic skeletons
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why are roundworms abundant and diverse?
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they are parasitic and free-living; eat wide variety of foods
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arthropod skeleton composed of
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chitin (mix of proteins and polysaccharide)
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Which deutrosomes have three-part body plans?
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Acorn worms, pterobranchs
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pharyngeal basket is...
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used by adult ascidians to capture food
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pharnegal gill slits of chorades originallly functioned as sites for
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both intake of oxygen and release of co2
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key to vertebrate body plan
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vertebral column where two pairs of apendages are attatched
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in fishes, swim bladders evolved from
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lunglike sacs
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Why do amphibians lay eggs in water?
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eggs quicly lose water and desiccate if dry
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Why did bidealism evolve to human era
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it is more efficient than quardrapedal locomotion, frees forlimbs to manipulate objects
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How are monotremes different from other mamals?
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they lay eggs
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Describe echinoderms
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Have pentadadially symetrical body plan, unique vascular system, calcified internal skeleton
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where did jaws evolve from?
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anterior gill arches
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where did amphibians come from?
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lung-fish ancestors
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When/where did birds come?
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175 mya from feathered dinosaur ancestors
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How are mammals unique
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suckle young with milk secreted by mammary glands
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Difference between negative and positive feedback
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Negative: corrects deviations from set point (transpiration); positive= amplifies responses (blood clot)
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Difference between homeotherms and poikiliotherms
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homeo= maintain constant body temperature; poi= no
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Endotherm vs. Ectotherm
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Produce metabolic heat to elevate temperature; enviroment makes heat
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Where is vertebrate thermostat located?
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hypothalamus
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diffusion in animals
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how respiratory gases (co2, o2) exchanged betwen body fluids and environment
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Ways to adapt to maximize gas exchange
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increasing surface area, maximizing partial presure gradiants (decrease thickness), ventilating outer surface with respiratory medium, perfusing inner surface with blood
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Hemoglobin connects to...
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ovygen in red blod cells
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myoglobin serves as...
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an 02 reserve in muscle. It also binds 02 and Po2.
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c02 is tranferred in the blood principally as...
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bicarbonate ions
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As temperature rises, 02 content in water....
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falls
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increased altitude, ... the amount of 92
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decreases
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When the level of c02 rises, the rate of respiration ...
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increases
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In open circulatory systems, the blood or tissue fluid leaves ... and percolates through...
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vessels; tissues
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In closed circulatory systems, the blood is contained in...
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a series of vessels
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The evolutionary of the vertebrate heart has led to
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an increasing seperation of blood that flows to the gas exchange organs and blood that flows to the rest of the body
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How has the vertebrate heart evolved
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two chambers in fishes to three in amphibians to four in crocodilians, mamals, and birds
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systole vs. siastole
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S= ventricles contratc; d=relax
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describe red blood cells, platelits, and plasma
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rbc= transport respiratory gasses, plat=blod clotting, plasma=mix of gases, ions, proteins, and molecules with
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blood flow throug capillary beds are controlled by
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autoregulatory mechanisms, hormones, and the autonomic nervous system
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Blood pressure is controlled by
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hormones vasopressin and angiotensin
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animals are heterotrophs that...
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derive their energy and molecular building blocks from autotrophs
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For animals, food provides...
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essential carbon skeletons that they cannot synthesize themselves
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what is the difference between saprotrophs/detrtivores and filter feeders, herbivores, and carnovores
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s/d depends on dead organic matter, filter= train aquatic envirnoment for small food items, h= plants, c= animals
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long-term energy is stored in
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fat
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Aquatic vs. Terrestrial animal differences in elimiating nitrogenous wastes
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a= diffusion acros gill membranes, t= converts it to uric acid/urea befoe excretion
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Function of renin
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activates agiotensin, which constructs blood vessels in kidney, releases aldosterone, which enhances water absorption
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function of nephron
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processes blood and turns filtrate to urin
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ANP is...
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atrial natriuretic peptide which causes increases excretion of salt and water
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Deprivation experiment vs. Hybridization experiment
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D= determines what is acquired by depriving animal of certain lesson; H= determines what is gentically acquired by mixing species
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eusocial species include... in their social groups
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sterile
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Which achieve higher population densities? small individuals or large individuals
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small
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what influences species' ranges
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speciation process, dispersonal ability, predators, and competition
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age distribution of a population is determined by
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timing of births and deaths within a population
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commensalists are...
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two organisms athat use the same resources when that resource is short in supply
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What is the most abundant cell type in the human brain?
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glial cell
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within a neuron, information moves from... to ...
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dendrite to cell body to axon
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resting potential in neuron is due to
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open K+ channels
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Neurons communicate together at junctions called
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synapses, where plasma membranes of two cells come close together
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Action potential is...
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rapid reversal in charge across a portion fo the plasma membrane
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Chemoreceptors are...
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recponsible for smell, taste, and sensing of phermones
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Effectors are...
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what enable animals to respond to information from their internal and external enironments. Effecotrs generate mechanical forces and cuase movement.
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Microtubule vs. Microfilament
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both regulate cell movement. tube= cilia, flagella; filament= allow for chape change and move
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Smooth vs. Cardiac vs. Skeletal vertebrate muscle
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Smooth=n contractile force for inner organs; cardiac= electronically connected , skeletol= bundles of muscle fiber, many nucleii
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What is an ecosystem?
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all organisms in an area and the physical environment in which they interact; Ecosystems are characterized by energy flow and structural linkages (trophic structure)
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What is ecosystem ecology?
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Is the central idea of ecosystems. It works under the context of Earth system science, climatology, and hydrology, and towards the mechanism of Physiological ecology, soil science, geochemistry, population ecology, and communit ecology.
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What are the components of energetics?
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1)Gross primary production (GPP): Total conversion of energy to usable form (ecosystem photosynthesis)
2) Net Primary Production (NPP): Fraction of GPP stored in plant biomass 3) Respiration (R): autotrophic and hetrotrophic 4) GPP= NPP + GEP (Gross Ecosystem Production) 4)NEE (net ecosystem exchange)= Respiration- GEP |
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What is the "interaction hypothesis" of community ecology?
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A community is an assembly of close-knoit species; Species are locked together by interactions that cause communities to function as integrated units; Community composition is a function of strict “assembly rules”; F.E. Clements (around 1936)
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What is the "individualistic hypothesis" of community ecology?
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• Then how can there be “assembly rules” ?
– finite # of “strategies” for dealing with abiotic extremes (low resources, etc). – Due to the inter-relatedness of species Major consequence from an individualistic view • Initial events dictate the pattern of replacement of species through time following a disturbance |
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What promotes species coexistence?
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niche overlap; "competition free space"; variation in space or time
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What is the role of the niche?
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small community of animals/plants; produces more local interactions
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Given there is species coexistence, what drives the variation we see in biodiversity across the globe?
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competition. diversity is beneficial because it results in stability and resilience.
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