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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What phase of the cardiac cycle is systolic function evaluated?
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Systole, QRS to the end of the R wave
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How is systolic function measured using 2D?
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trace the LV @ end diastole and apply Simpson's bi-plane method in Apical 4 & 2
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How is systolic function mea @sured using doppler?
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use PW @ semilunar valves. RVOT & LVOT should be the same. Place cursor proximal to valve cusps.
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How is systolic function measured using formula?
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VTI (waveform trace) X CSA (0.785xd sq)
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How is systolic function evaluated using 2D?
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visual estimate, WMSI (is it hypo, hyper, etc), Simpson's, tracing endocardial borders in SAX to determine LV mass
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How is systolic function measured using M-mode?
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EPPS (<1cm), LV, MV, measurements.movement of anteroseptal and inferlateral walls.
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What is MR?
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a backflow of blood into the LA causing volume overload
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What is the effect of MR on the LA?
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LAE
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at is the effect of MR on the lungs?
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Pulmonary Htn
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at is the effect of MR on the EKG?
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A-fib,
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What causes sudden death with MR?
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ruptured chordae or flial leaflet
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What does MR cause to grow on the leaflets?
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vegitation (infective endocarditis)
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What is the doppler waveform in MR?
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usually high velocity
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How do we quantify MR?
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PISA using the radius of the hemisphere and the VTI of the MR jet.
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What is coapt leaflets in MVP called?
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myxomatous
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what view is MVP best viewed in?
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PLAX
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What usually coexist with MVP?
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MR jet that is eccentric depending on the leaflet involved
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What disorder is associated with MVP?
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Marfan's syndrome
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What EKG abnormalities are associated with MVP?
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SVT
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Define MS
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pressure overload of the LA caused by narrowing of the MV
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Classic signs of MS
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diastolic doming of leaflet (hockey stick), decreased E-F slope in doppler or m
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Other conditions associated with MS
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LAE, Pulmonary Htn
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Heart sound with MS
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diastolic rumble
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Calculation of the MV area
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PHT, by measure E-F slope. 220/Pht gives valve area.
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Normal MVA diameter
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4-6 cm
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Name of valve area tracing in short axis
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Plammetry
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define aortic stenosis
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pressure overload of the LV caused by narrowing of the AV
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Cause of AS in older people?
in younger people? |
senile degenerative
bi-cuspid |
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How is a bi-cuspid valve mistaken for a tri-cuspid
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a raphe may give the appearance of a tri-cuspid valve. look for football shape
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what valve term is associated with AS?
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aortic coarctation
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what heart sound is associated with AS?
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crescendo-decrescendo murmur
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how do we evaluate AoV area?
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CSA or AV=CSA of LVOT X VTI of LVOT/VTI of AV
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How do we get the mean gradent and VTI?
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tracing the regurg waveform and using the bernoulli equation. The higher the velocity, the more stenotic the valve.
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How many windows do we use to evaluate AS?
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three
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Risk in AS
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sudden death if associated with blockage
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Aortic sclerosis is
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when the leaflets are thickened but the oriface is not narrowed
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supravalular is
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in the acending Ao
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subvalvular is
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in the LVOT with a membrane
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define AR
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volume overload of the LV caused by backflow of blood from the Ao
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what causes AR
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dilatio of the Ao root, endocarditis, valvular degeneration
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Heart sound associated with AR
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Austin Flint murmur
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aR effect on LV
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dilation and MV
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How does AR look on M-mode?
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diastolic flutter of AMVL
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How do we grade the doppler slope in MR?
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Pht. The steeper the slope, the larger the EROA
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Tracing to measure MR
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trace jet in PSAX or measure regurg volume and regurg fraction. sever AR results in reversal of flow in DAO
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formula for SV
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CSA X VTI
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formula for CSA
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0.785 x d squared
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formula to find VTI
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trace waveform of forward flow
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Bernoulli equation
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4(V squared) V=peak velocity
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continuity equation
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CSA LVOT x VTI = CSA AV x VTI
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formula for MVA
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220/Pht
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formula for RV
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SV of leaking valve - SV of competent valve
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formula for RF
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RV/SV of leaking valve
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dyskenetic is
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opposite movement of heart wall
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scoring in wall motion index. WSMI
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17
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Qp/:Qs should be
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1:1
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dp/dt is used to get
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systolic function
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physical signs of MVP
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pectus excavatum, hunchback, convex chest
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Qp/:Qs should be
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1:1
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dp/dt is used to get
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systolic function
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physical signs of MVP
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pectus excavatum, hunchback, convex chest
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