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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the "sniff test"? |
- demonstrates collapse of the IVC - normal diastolic IVC diameter is 1.2-2.3cm - unable for IVC to collapse: elevated right sided pressure = some degree of pulmonary hypertension |
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What are the advantages of a TTE? |
- non-invasive - economical - efficient and cost effective in terms of staffing, reliability of results, and convenience to the patient |
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What does echo mean? |
- a returned sound |
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Why do we use TTE? |
- provides a means to evaluate the cardiac structures and analyze the hemodynamics of the heart |
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What is the frequency range for TTE cardiac ultrasound? |
2.0-10MHz 2,000,000-10,000,000Hz |
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lower frequency =__________ penetration = __________ resolution |
better penetration poor resolution |
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higher frequency = ____________ penetration = ____________ resolution |
poor penetration better resolution |
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What is the echo ultrasound frequency in adults? |
2.0-3.5MHz 2,000,000-3,500,000Hz |
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What is the echo frequency for small adults (6, 7, 8 yrs old included)? |
5.0MHz 5,000,000Hz |
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What is the echo frequency for pediatrics? |
3.5-7.0MHz 3,500,000-7,000,000Hz |
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The optimum Doppler recording is obtained with a _________ frequency. |
lower |
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What are some TTE indications? |
- Valvular heart disease and prosthetic valves - *infective endocarditis (veg/vegetation on valves)* - Ischemic heart disease (lack of oxygen) - cardiomyopathy - *congestive heart failure (CHF)* - etc. |
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What angle should you be at for parasternal window? |
- as perpendicular (90 degrees) as possible - 3rd-5th intercostal spaces |
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At what view can you visualize the LV wall motion? |
Parasternal short axis (PSSA) |
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What does the LV wall motion display? |
Displays a slice (small slice) of ALL of the LV walls simultaneously |
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In the apical window, what happens if the TDX is too high? |
- foreshortened apex - "round" heart - limited visualization of apex |
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What is the minor image of AP3? |
AP5 |
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When the TDX is angled ________ and ___________ from apical 3ch, the right heart will be visualized, good for TV. |
medial and inferior |
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What window is excellent to visualize PE (pericardial effusion) and ASD/VSD? |
- subcostal long axis view |
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What structures can be seen in suprasternal long axis view? |
- AAO, AO arch, IA (innominate artery), LCA (left carotid), LSA (left subclavian), and DAO |
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What are the names of the papillary muscles? |
- posteromedial papillary muscle - anterolateral papillary muscle |
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What is ebstein's anomaly? |
A *congenital* malformation of the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve(s) are displaced towards the inferior right apex |
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What is ebstein's anomaly associated with? |
- patent foramen ovale (PFO) or atrial septal defect (ASD) 75% with a right to left shunt - can also cause cyanosis - more complications include: VSD, pulmonic stenosis, atrioventricular septal defect, mitral stenosis, tetralogy of fallot |
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What does marfan's syndrome look from the inside? (potential echo findings) |
- dilation of the sinuses of valsalva - dilation of the proximal AO, ascending AO, and possible dissection - holosystolic MVP/MR and/or TVP/TR - AI |
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What does marfan's syndrome look like from the outside? |
- tall, lanky - long limbs - long spider-like fingers (arachnodactyly) - funnel or pigeon breast - thin, narrow face |
