Ech 500 Mid-Term Short Id 34-61

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34. Clement of Rome(96AD)

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1.) Letter to the Corinthians
-Wrote letters to the Church in Cor. Wrote 3 but we only have 2.
He wrote in a time when the church was desperately seeking stability because of sporadic persecution and heterodox teaching. His message to the Corinthians stressed that God calls for order in all things and Christians were to obey their leaders.
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2.) Bishop of Rome
-Blessed by Peter to be the bishop of Rome
-(late first century) one of earliest of the apostolic fathers, served as the second or third bishop of Rome and was almost certainly not the Clement mentioned in Philippians 4:3.
3.) Doctrinal Emphasis
b. The resurrection—using the Phoenix as an illustration
He is familiar with the myth, and wants to teach those who know the myth as well
Born in fire and dies in fire= 500 years
Total mythology, but is drawing in Christ, using what they can to illustrate what they don't have the text.
c. Justification
Echo of Paul= in the ways the Apostolic fathers spoke

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35. Barnabas (c.120)

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Famous for eschatology= Chiliasm
2. Chiliasm
Comes from the Greek word a thousand
That Christ will return to the earth and for a thousand years will rule. Where the earth will be at peace
• Mallionainism in the Latin same as in Greek a thousand

3. Early reference to Gospel of Matthew
• Only can be quoted from Matthew Gospel, he had Matthew’s gospel
• So the book of Matthew was spreading.
o 4.) the chronology of human history: 6000years based on the six days of creation
• world history would last 6000 years= six days
Everything will come to end after 6000 years
Seventh day Jesus will return

He believed in the Chronology of the human history: where 6000 years based on the six days of creation and therefore the Lord will return and restore the world on the 7th thousand year, when He shall truly rest in the 7th day.

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36. Ignatius (c.115)

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1.) Bishop of Antioch
- he saw the need of episcopacy, which is a system a church government in which bishops are the chief clerics.
2.) Need for Episcopacy
- Wanted to elavate the leadership of the Bishop
-Wanted the Bishop to Carry all leadership
3.) Teaching Martyrdom
-He also teaches on martyrdom, that Christians should not seek out but to welcome it. He was very passionate about Christ and welcomes martyrdom as to be able to experience what Christ went through. He also sees that dying for our faith in turn will win others.
-Witnessed the crunching of bodies and severing of limbs, by Nero
-The one who suffers for Christ is truly one who is discipline
- A special reward for those who martyr

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37. Polycarp

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1.) Bishop of Smyrna
-60 years of ministry in serving Christ
-Said to have been discipled by the Apostle of John
2.) Prophetic Dream
-At an early age called to follow Christ
-Had a dream of his own death a pillow that has caught in flames.
3.) Martyrdom
-Will be killed by fire and burned for his faith
-Possible started the veneration of saints
-Barried beneath the alter of Symrna

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38. Papias

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served the church as the bishop of Hierapolis, located in Asia Minor. Only scant fragments of his Expositions of the Oracles of the Lord remain. Papias was a chiliast who believed that Christ was going to return to Earth and rule for one thousand years over a renewed world in which peace would prevail and food would be plentiful (millennialism)
1. Chillastic
2. Emphasis on Martyrdom
-It is a blessing to die for the Lord, because in 300 A.D.New millennium will be created.

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39. Nero (ruled 54-68)

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-A troubled an twisted man
1.) The Great fire of 64
•started very close to Nero’s palace, lasted for about 2 weeks, and homes were built by wood
•smoke cleared 2/3 of the city was destroyed
•Nero was spreading the roomer that Christian started the fire
•One of the smallest groups during this time
•People knew who the Christians were
•It is not logical for Christians to start a fire, they liked living in Rome
•Nero could have be a pyromananic
•And he had to find someone to blame, i.e. Christians
•He did not like the slums around of his slums, often be offended by the smells, Did not realize that the rich were in jeopardy= may not have been true.
•Executed the Christians: wild dogs
•Did not happen in the coliseums made in 70
•People started to pity these people because of the Evil Nero had- Tacitus 55-117 A.D.

2.) Nero's Persecution

•Kept killing people he loved, because he thought they were undermining his authority= paranoid personality, or maybe it is reality is it paranoid?
•People in Rome do not want instability
•Finally killed himself

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40. Domitian(ruled 81-96)

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1. Background
•Christianity and Judaism was taking away from Roman gods, the traditional gods of Rome.
•Addressing letters referring to himself as god or lord
2. Titles
•Lord, god
3. Persecution
•Killed many christians
•Famous for sending John to the island at Patmos
•Dated a 4 century document: we are not sure if he killed Christian and if he really knew John.

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41. Trajan(ruled 98-117)

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1. Persecution
•persecution of the church did exist in Asian minor
2. General policy toward the Church
• Pliny the younger, the temples are being neglected and scarifies aren’t being made to the gods
•Pliny thinks Christians are the problem
•A coin of Caesar on it would be told to pray- to determine if they are Christian or not.
• He wanted not to kill them without some kind of solid evidence
•A fair and carrying emperor
•Standard tradition comes from Trajan’s idea on how to treat Christians

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42. Decius (ruled 249-251)

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(ruled 249 -251) illegalized of the Christian faith – it was a very dangerous period for Christian leaders. He was looking for scapegoats as to why Rome isn’t doing well in the battlefield- because the Christians were worshipping their own God and not the Roman gods.
-Made Christianity illegal

b.Infamous for starting the first empire-wide persecution of Christians.
c.He ordered that all Roman subjects must sarifice to the traditional gods of Rome and have proof of such in the form of a certificate, or libel. Those who obtained these were known as libellatici. This practice led to a crisis later on when the church had to decide whter to forgive Christians who had obtained such certificates either by buying them on the black market or by sacrificing.

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43. Diocletian (ruled 284-305)

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he was known to have divided his empire into four and had 3 other sub-governors to look after the whole of the Roman Empire. He stepped down in 305 and became a farmer in Asian Minor growing cabbages.
-made a major change to the empire
-is the father of Constantine the great

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44. Constantine I (undisputed ruler 324-337)

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1. Background
-he was one of the emperor under the Diocletian scheme (1 out 4)
-Only one leader will not be Christian after his rule (a huge turn around)
2. Battle at Milyian Bridge
-A vision he had before the battle at Milvian Bridge (312) turned him into a Christian. (he saw a cross in the cloud and the cloud saying ‘with this sign conquer’, he called for priest and interpretation)
3. Edict of Milan

In 313, he legalized Christianity. Although he had to maintain the tradition Roman practices, he gave obvious advantages to the church and returned to the church what was taken during Diocletian’s reign.
He and his mother rebuilt the church Galerius destroyed. His mother even -went to Palestine to search for the cross and was claimed to have found the crown of throne.
-Gave restitution to the property that was confiscated from Christians & Religious freedom.

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45. Aristides(apologist)

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he was a philosopher from Athens who became a Christian apologist. Aristides presented his Apology to the emperor Hadrian in about 124. Long thought to have perished, this work was rediscovered in the nineteenth century. Aristides argued that Christians have a more complete faith and a deeper understanding of God than do pagans in the Christian God is eternal and infinite.

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46. Justin Martyr (c. 100-165)

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1. Background
-Lived in Asia Minor
-Second Century apologist
-Continuing to wear the robes of a philosopher
2. Conversion
-The old man asked him penetrating question, so much so that it broke his philosophical mind
3. Apology

4. Dialogue with Trypho
-One of his best known works
- A dialogue with Trypho the Jew.
5. Philosophy and Theology
-He took an inclusive view toward divine revelation and human wisdom and looked for the truth of God not only in the Bible but also in the best of human philosophy.
-all truth is Gods truth
-The bible = is where the truth is the purest, but as you move away from truth you understand less.
-What is good= Pursuing God's truth
6. Martyrdom
•died a martyrs death and that is how he got the name Justin the Marter.

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47. Dialogue with Trypho

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-One of his best known works, Justin focused his exegetical talents on Old Testament prophecy fulfilled in the Gospel records.
-It was used as a tool for teaching
-after an introductory section, Justin undertakes to show that Christianity is the new law for all men,and to prove from Scripture that Jesus is the Christ. The concluding section demonstrates that the Christians are the true people of God.

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48. Athanagoras (c. 133-190 CE) [apologist]

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1. Background
- One of the most clearest & effective apologist for Christianity in the second century.
2. Message
-His Apology, probably written 177 and addressed to Emperor Marcus Aurelius, focused on refuting false charges level against Christians, including cannibalism and incestuous marriage.
-He is also believed to have written a major treatise, On the Resurrection of the Dead, and he was first among the apologists to defend the view of God as Three in One.

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49. Theophilus(apologist)

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Was an early Christian *apologist and bishop of Antioch. Only one of Theophilus’ works remains extant, his Apology.
His argument stressed the superiority of the God of Christianity and the biblical account of creation over the prevailing Homeric mythology.
Theophilus was the fist to use the term trias(triad) to describe the Christian Trinity.

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50.Tertullian (c.160-c. 225) (apologist.

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-Western apologist
-Trained as a lawyer, Tertullian converted to the Christians, who, he urged, were not enemies of the state. He also made the case that Christianity was vastly superior to other religions.
-d. Tertullian found no value in pagan philosophy and hammered away at *Gnosticism and other “perversions” of the truth. God’s truth, he argued, was to be found in the “living tradition of the apostles,” which was passed down from generation to generation in the church through apostolic succession.
-e. Tertullian, in or just prior to 202, openly associated with a charismatic sect known as the Montanists who followed the teaching on one *Montanists who followed the teaching on one *Montanus from Phrygia. Tertullian became the leading theologian of this group.
-was one of the first to believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are of one person.
- Coined the term Trinitas

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51. Irenaeus (c.130-200)

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-One of the greatest Christian theologians of the second century, Irenaeus was born in Asian Minor but ministered and ruled as bishop in Lyons, southern Gaul (modern-day France). His major extant work, titled Against Heresies, contains a scathing attack on Valentinian *Gnosticism. In contrast to the secret knowledge of the Gnostics, Irenaeus argued that the Scriptures were clear and open to all who would seek to know.
c. He stressed the “natural” sense of Scripture that would never contradict the “* rule of faith.” Or the living tradition of apostles. Irenaeus’ *recapitulation theory of the atonement argued that Adam’s moral development as the head of humanity was stunted by the Fall. In his incarnation, Christ became a second Adam to recapitulate Adam’s ideal development and furnish humanity with a model of perfect humanity, as well as a redeeming savior.

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52. Athanasius (c.296-373)

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Athanasius Rose to prominence in the church when, at twenty-nine years of age, he argued forcefully at the *Council of Nicaea (325) against an *Arian view of Christ and in favor of that which would later be defined as orthodoxy.
-Chosen by Alexander to fight for the Orthodox side
-Brought up by the Bishop of Alexander
He had grown up in the city of Alexandria and risen in the church to the office of *deacon and secretary to Alexander, bishop of Alexandria.
-His success at Nicaea led to his consecration as bishop following Alexander’s death, a position he held for nearly forty years.
-Often out of favor with emperors and jealous churchmen, Athanasius was forced into exile on several occasions, once living for several months in the tomb of his father.
-Over his long career, for Athanasius was very effective in promoting the spread of monasticism to Palestine, Asia Minor and farther west, most notably through his biography of the Egyptian monk. *Anthony.
-Became Bishop of Alexanderia after Alexander
- Ascetic lifestyle 1.) Vasting and keeping viduals
- Banished 5 times, into a cave.

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53. Montanus( late 2nd Century)

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1.) Phrygia
-The region of Phrygia in Asia Minor was the setting for the rise of one Montanus,
2.) "The Mouthpiece of Paraclete"
-a charismatic preacher who proclaimed himself to be “the mouthpiece of the Paraclete” and taught that the apostolic gifts of healings, prophecy and speaking in tongues had not ceased at the end of the apostolic period.
3.) Prophetic teaching & Asceticism
-His followers, the Montanists, adhered to strict * ascenticism and demanded celibacy of their members. The Theologian *Tertullian joined the Montanists. The church took a dim view of Montanists, in part because of their doctrine and also because Montanus allowed women to be prominent leaders.
-Tongues
-Sleep on wooden boards
4. Eschatology
-Christ would return to his hometown

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54. Crypian (d.258)

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b. A major figure in early Latin theology, Cyprian who converted to Christianity in 246, drew heavily upon the theological writings of *Tertullian, a fellow Carthagain. Just two years after his conversion Cyprian was chosen bishop of Carthage and was compelled to face the questions raised by Roman persecution, namely, what to do with lapsed Christians who seek readmission to the church? He advocated that a significant period of penance be demanded before full restitution was granted. Cyprian also argued against the valid ordination of *Novatian schismatics. He was a major defender of the supreme power of bishops in the church.

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55. Clement of Alexandria (c.150-215)

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b. Celement was the student of Pantaeus, whom he succeed as the head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria (c.190), and the teacher of *Oriegon. Concerned that Christianity not be seen as an unsophisticated religion, Clement sought through his Address of the Greeks and other writings to reconcile his faith with the best of Greek Philosophy. Although an active enemy of some *Gnostic teachings, such as the view that Christ did not have a human birth, his theology bears marks of Greek philosophical influence.

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56. Origen (c.184-254)

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a. Background
-Born in Christian home
-Father died in 202
b. Asceticism
-*asceticism, Origen led a disciplined life of fasting, vigils and poverty. Class notes – He was such a Ascetic that in order to identify with Christ more he wore a fitted chain collar for the rest of his life.
-He emasculated himself in order to free himself from sexual temptations, but he still was not freed from those desires.
c. Works
1. On First Principles(De Principiis)- Origen gave to the Church its first orderly comprehensive statement of the Christian faith.
1.Was very controversial, do the fact that he believes that the Hebrew people were of low intellect and God had to lower his interpretation to help them gain the understanding.
2.Strong Anti Semitic
Origen’s greatest theological work, On First Principles, dealt with the nature of God, heavenly beings, humanity, free will and Scripture. In interpreting the Bible, Origen argued for differing levels of meaning or sense in Scripture. Of these, the literal sense was of the least importance, far surpassed by the deeper spiritual senses. Origen left Egypt and established a school in Caesarea in 231. He was arrested and tortured in the Decian persecution of 250 and died a few years later
2. Hexapla
-Literally means six fold
-Earliest work of Textual Criticism
-OT translated the Hebrew
-Genesis 1:1 would have six different translations

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Origen part II.

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d. Allegorical interpretation
1) Allegory
-Liked Plato's allagory of the cave.
- Deep and Complex Truth
2) Allegorical method and levels of meaning
-•Origen expands the ideas of Allegory
•Interpretation= multiple levels of meaning
•Origen always wanted to relate the Christian life to the present day , and future day.
•We are fallen and slaves to sin ( Christ) Moses figure
•Go to the red sea- Origen would say the red sea is baptism
•So practical to preach during it’s time so easy to teach
•Another allegory- red sea can be death.
•The spiritual is much more important than the physical

3) Origen's method

•The letter kill, but the spirit builds
•The physical is nothing compared with spiritual.
•Should not invest in the flesh air.
•Look at all of scripture to find the deeper meaning, make assumptions
•If a godly man is seeking to interpret the text he would deserve all that unless he truly was a righteous.
•Needs to follow through with Jesus Christ or holy spirit
•Totally believes Illusion
•Everything is given by the spirit.
4.) analysis
-Very easy, universal, very adaptive
• Anything matches that are read by the interpreter.
•Cleansing of the temple= is not literal, but is an illustration of letting of the bad drive out of your body.
•Looses the historical bases
•Have to believe only based of the spirit, limits who can read the bible
•Leaves the author out, not giving them credit.
•Completely arbitrary of what is historical and what is not

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57. Ransom to Satan Theory

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b. A theory of Christ’s atoning work popularized by *Origen in the third century and enhanced by *Gregory of Nyssa, the ransom theory argued that Christ gave his immortal soul as a ransom for the souls of all humanity held under Satan’s thrall. Not being omniscient, they reasoned, Satan could not foresee the act of God’s power that would restore Jesus Christ to life in the resurrection, allowing Satan to hold his captive for only three days. This view was dominant during the early medieval period but came under increasing but came under increasing criticism in the Scholastic era, most notably from *Anselm of Canterbury and Peter *Abelard.

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58. Recapitulation Theory

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*Irenaeus and other early church fathers developed a “recaptitulateion theory” rooted in Ephesians 1:10, where the apostle Paul argues that God in Christ sought “to gather p all things in him.” Christ, the New Adam, restored fallen humanity to full communion with God through his obedience and willingness to die. In so doing, Christ not only summed up all previous divine revelation in himself but also never achieved. Thus, Christ recapitulated Adam’s development and gave the world an example of perfect human righteousness.

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59. Hexapla

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a.Created by Origen
b.Was a remarkable work of *textual criticism in which he compared the texts of six key versions of the Old testament.
c.Origen knowing Hebrew created the Hexapla, placed in parallel colums the Hebrew text and various Greek translations of the Old Testament.
-Literally means six fold
-Earliest work of Textual Criticism
-OT translated the Hebrew
-Genesis 1:1 would have six different translations

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60. Allegorical Interpretation

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b. This one of the most influential appporoaches to biblical interpretation until the Reformation of the sixteenth century.
c. The roots of allegorical interpretation reach back to the Golden Age of Greece and, in early Jewish hermeneutics, to Philo Judeas.
d. In the beginning centuries of the Christian church, allegorical interpretation was identified with *Alexandrian schoool and especially with its most famous scholar *Origen
e. The interpreter seeks to discover levels of meaning that lie beneath the literal sense of a text. Ex.) The figure of Moses in the Exodus narrative, for example, can be interpreted allegorically as Jesus Christ, who comes to those enslaved in sin and leads them to salvation.
f. Origen three primary senses: the literal, the moral and the spiritual.
g. Later Latin fathers expended the sense into four: the literal, the allegorical, the topological (moral) and the anagogic (focusing on the end goal of the Christian life).

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61. Trintas

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a.literally means three
b.It is here where we get the English translation of Trinity
c.Definition came about through two men- Theophilus and Trias