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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ST elevation suggests what?
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Supply ischaemia - Transmural
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ST depression suggests what?
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Demand ischaemia - Subendocardial
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Describe leads I, II and II
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I - RA to LA
II - RA to LL III - LA to LL |
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Are Q waves pathological?
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Q waves should only occur in leads III and aVR. If they are greater than 1mmx1mm in any other leads they are pathological and signal transmural infarction
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Why do Q waves run in the opposite direction?
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They are the depolarisation of the oppostie wall. Normally this is hidden by the closer wall, but when the closer wall has had infarction it no longer has an electrical signal so only the opposite wall is seen
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Elevation in which leads suggest that the LCD or Anterior Wall is obstructed?
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V1 to V4
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Elevation in which leads suggest that the RCA or Inferior Wall is obstructed?
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II, II and aVF
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Elevation is which leads suggests that the Anterioseptal area is obstructed?
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V1 to V3
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Elevation in which leads suggests that the Anteriolateral area is obstructed
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V4 to V6
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Elevation in which leads suggests that the LCA is obstructed?
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V6 and aVL
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Depression on which leads suggest that the posterior wall is obstructed?
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V1 to V3
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Which leads are looked at to investigate axis deviation?
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Leads I (left) and aVF (right)- both should have upwards QRS complexes.
Lead turns negative when axis deviates away from it. If deviated EXTREME right then both go downwards |
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Which lead should have the highest R and why?
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V5 as this is where the axis is. Depolarisation occurs in this plane.
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What does T wave inversion imply?
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Infarction
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What causes ST segment changes?
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An infarct leads to decreased ATP.
This means the ATP dependant Na/K pump involved in repolarisation doesn't work. Aka K stays in the ECF and the cell doesn't fully Repolarise and is less negative This means flow moves from the less negative infarct area to the more negative normal area in future, changing the PQ baseline and making ST appear to change |
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What ions are involved in depolarisation and what are their roles?
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Na comes in - depolarisation
Ca maintains it K comes in, Na out to repolarise (ATP dependant) |
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What length of time does a little square represent?
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0.04 seconds
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What length of time does a big square represent?
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0.2 seconds
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Where would you listen for a murmur in the Aortic valve?
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Right Second Intercostal space
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Where would you listen for a murmur in the Pulmonary valve?
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Left Second Intercostal space
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Where would you listen for a murmur in the Mitral valve?
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Mid clavicular line, 5th intercostal space
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Where would you listen for a murmur in the Tricuspid valve?
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Left of sternum, 5th intercostal space
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Describe the organisation of the 3 CT layers of the heart.
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Fibrous Pericarium
Serous Pericardium Serous pericardium has 2 layers - Parietal (attached to Fibrous layer) Visceral (attached to Myocardium) Pericardial space in between these layers |
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Where does the Great Cardiac Vein travel?
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Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD)
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Where does the Middle Cardiac Vein travel?
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Posterior Interventricular Artery
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Where does the Lesser Cardiac Vein travel?
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With the RCA
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Where is the SA node located?
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Junction of the SVC and RA (sulcus terminalis)
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Where is the AV node located?
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Posterior inferior of the Interatrial septum (coronary sinus)
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Where are the pectinate muscles?
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Atria (form a comb in the right, smaller in the left)
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What are the Trabeculae carnae?
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Rounded irregular muscular columns in the ventricles.
Give rise to chorda tendinae |
