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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Outcomes
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The expected or looked for change in some measure or state, and are a result of an intervention
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Outcome Measures
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Assessment tools used to measure an outcome
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Reliability
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Measure of confidence that you place in the accuracy of an outcome measure.
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Intra-observer reilability
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How well the outcome measure performs on repeated applictions by the one researcher
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Inter observer reliability
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How well the outcome measure performs ons application by different researchers
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Specificity
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Referes to the proportion of subjects without a disease who are correctly identified by an outcome measure
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Critical Appraisal
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Process of assessing and interpreting evidence by systematically considerings its validity, results and relevance
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Critical Appraisal looks at ?
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The quality of the research evidence
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5 Research evidence dimensions
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1. Hierachy level
2. Study Quality 3. Statistical Precision of the results 4. Effect SIze 5. Relevance |
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Relevance of research refers to
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The usefulness of results in clinical population. Is it relevant to population group.
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Threats to Internal Validity
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Chance
Bias Confounders |
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External validity means...
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The study may be really good, but its not relevant to me/population/patient group.
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Internal Validity
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The threats inherent to the study design.
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Chance
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Imprecision.
Random Error |
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Biggest threat to chance
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Small sample sizes
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Why is larger sample size better to reduce chance
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More likely to be representative of the population interested in.
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Bias
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Systematic Error. Inherent in to the study design.
E.g. Bias |
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Confounders
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Variables which were forgotten or missed and hence not controllable.
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How do we control for confounders
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Randomisation
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Sampling Bias
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how well the sample from which the study was based relates to the population which it purports to refer to
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Allocation bias
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how well subjects were allocated to control and intervemntion groups
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Maturation bias
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relates to bias introduced through natural maturation of a condition, rather than the intervention.
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Attrition Bias
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relates to bias from subjects who drop out and why they drop out
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Measurement bias
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measurement erros
blind researcher |
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Placebo
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bias due to pure psychological effect that an intervention can have on a subject
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How do we get rid of maturation bias
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Control Group
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Hawthorne Effect
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A form of placebo bias related to the effect of attention
Interaction with client |
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Intention to Treat Analysis
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Treats everyone as though they had the treatment regardless if they drop out or not
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2 types of cohort studies
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Retrospective
Prospective |
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Cohort Studies
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Identify group with shared or common characteristic and follow them over time
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Potential sources of bias in observational studies
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Selection Bias
Information bias/misclassification |
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Selection Bias
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Are they representative of population
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Information bias/misclassification
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How you classify people
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Relative Risk
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Proportion of those exposed who develop the risk/proportion of those not exposed who develop the risk
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Relative Risk equal to 1.0?
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No association
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Relative risk less than 1.0
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The exposure reduces the risk of the event
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Relative risk greater than 1.0
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The exposure increases the risk
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Absolute risk reduction
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Absolute difference in rates of events between 2 groups.
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NNT
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Number of patients need to be treated to prevent one additional bad outcome
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Prognosis
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A prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease/injury
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Outcomes
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are the expected or looked for change in some measure or state as a reult of an intervention
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Outcome Measures
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are assesment tools to measure an outcome
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Whats the difference between outcomes and outcome measures
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Outcomes are the result of an intervention. Outcome measures demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention
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