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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is an example of the 4 modes and levels of simulation
A. Fidelity-Full, Mission-High B. Mission-Partial, Fidelity Full C. Mission-Partial, Fidelity-Low D. Fidelity-Low, Mission-Low |
C
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2. Engineering requires Discipline and Professionalism
A. True B. False |
A
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3. All of the following are types (kinds) of models EXCEPT
A. Iconic B. Isomorphic C. Graphical D. Procedural |
B
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4. By analogy, Einstein’s “diffusion law” can be used to predict the
behavior of: A. A damper (like a shock absorber) B. Concentration changes in a first order kinetic C. The relation between voltage and current in a resistor D. Sound intensity as a function of distance from a source. |
C
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5. In the hematogenous metastatic cancer process described in class the
source of the cancer cells was ________ and the tumor eventually was capable of growing in the ____________ A. Blood, muscle B. Muscle, blood C. Muscle, lung |
C
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6. A common mathematical model, presented in class, used to describe the
proliferation of cancer cells is called A. Carrier mediated diffusion B. Simple diffusion C. Cell birth and death D. The Tumor Proliferation Model (TPM) |
C
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7. An attempt to describe the diffusion of lactic acid in the homogeneous
fluid environment of a cell might use an analogy to get the solution. The analogous system (model), presented in class, was A. Ohm’s law B. Hooke’s law C. Heat flow in a solid D. Radiation from a black body |
C
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8. A simple model for feedback control of blood pressure during
hemorrhage requires that you know the following relationship A. cardiac output = stroke volume x systemic vascular resistance B. blood pressure = stroke volume x peripheral resistance C. stroke volume = cardiac output/heart rate D. blood pressure = stroke volume x heart rate. |
C
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9. In the human temperature controller studied in class the manipulated
variables include all of the following EXCEPT A. Sweating B. Vasodilation/constriction C. core temperature D. basal metabolic rate |
C
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10. The “Modeling Cycle” presented in class requires that when a model is
NOT isomorphic you try to “fix” all of the following EXCEPT A. abstraction B. model 1 C. Solution D. Prediction |
B
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11. First order kinetics is a very common model for chemical reactions and
for water emptying from a bathtub. The basic equation for this kinetic (process) is (where X= the dependent variable – like the AMOUNT of water in a bathtub and k is a positive constant): A. – dX/dt = k B. dX/dt = k C. –dX/dt = kX D. dX/dt = kX |
C
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12. The first order kinetic in 11 above will create a curve of X – vs – t that is
A. straight line with + slope B. straight line with – slope C. decreasing exponential D. Increasing exponential |
C
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13. A real-world model for what happens when a substance in ingested by,
or injected into, a human was presented. Which of the following is a way to get a substance into the body by placing the substance under the tongue? A. subdural B. Sublingual C. epidural D. Xcutaneous (transcutaneous) |
B
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14. A drug that is given PO (by mouth) will:
A. enter the blood stream immediately B. be processed by the liver and completely eliminated C. be processed by the bowel and completely eliminated D. be processed by the liver and then delivered to the blood stream |
D
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15. The high fidelity anesthesia simulator demonstrated in class is based on
complex mathematical models some of which were created by: A. Hall and Guyton B. Hall and Snider C. Guyton and Sagawa D. Guyton and Fisher |
C
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16. What kind of model was used to allocate gas stations on streets and
grocery checkout lanes as explained in class A. Mathematical B. Graphical C. Iconic D. Procedural |
D
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17. Pharmacokinetics, compared to pharmacodynamics, is a way to represent
A. The effect of a substance on a person’s behavior as a function of time B. The amount of substance in the blood as a function of time C. How fast blood is flowing in a vessel D. How fast a cancer cells penetrate a capillary wall. |
B
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18. In the sequential biochemical process of ABC, presented in class, if
the process proceeds NORMALLY starting at time=0, the intermediate (B) will: A. Increase exponentially B. Decrease exponentially C. Decrease then increase. D. Increase then decrease. |
D
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19. Assume that there are 3 sequential transfer functions with the first being
linear (positive slope), the second sigmoid (S-like, positive slopes) and the third being linear (positive slope) the OUTPUT of the third function will be: A. Linear – negative slope B. Linear – positive slope C. Sigmoid D. Positive going Exponential |
C
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20. When morphine is broken down by an enzymatic process there are
intermediates that are more potent than morphine itself A. True B. False |
A
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1. Pharmacokinetics, compared to pharmacodynamics, is a way to represent
A. The effect of a substance on a person’s behavior as a function of time B. The amount of substance in the blood as a function of time C. How fast blood is flowing in a vessel D. How fast a cancer cells penetrate a capillary wall. |
B
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2. Biochemical allosteric end product inhibition (EPI) in a sequential enzymatic reaction means that
A. An intermediate product increases the amount of a subsequent enzyme B. the activity of a previous enzyme is decreased by a subsequent intermediate C. the amount of a previous intermediate is decreased by a succeeding intermediate. D. none of the above. |
B
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3. The GREATEST increase in glycolysis-related pyruvic acid in blood will occur when
A. Oxygen is plentiful and tissue is well perfused with blood B. Oxygen is plentiful and tissue is poorly perfused with blood C. Oxygen is decreased and tissue is well perfused with blood D. Oxygen is decreased and tissue is poorly perfused with blood |
A
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4. Grapefruit juice contains compounds that, when taken in sufficient quantity, will:
A. Induce the P450 enzyme system and increase metabolism of some important prescribed drugs B. Induce the P450 enzyme system and decrease metabolism of some important prescribed drugs C. Inhibit the P450 enzyme system and increase metabolism of some important prescribed drugs D. Inhibit the P450 enzyme system and decrease metabolism of some important prescribed drugs |
D
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5. The answer to #1 above means, in particular, that when you make models for integrated organ systems where the “patient” will take medicines you must include
A.The heart B.The lungs C.The liver D.The uterus |
C
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6. If an element in a “force flux matrix” is GLUCOSE the matrix coefficient for which of the following FORCES will be very small or zero?
A.Grad Pressure B.Grad Voltage C.Grad Concentration |
B
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7. In considering use of the coupling coefficient matrix (Onsager reciprocal relationships) you will find that
A. Only highly ionic species can exert drag each other B. Only highly ionic species can exert drag on slightly polar species C. All species can exert drag on all other species. |
C
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8. When one has severe diabetes you will see ______ urine flow and this will ________ Na+ loss and ______ K+ loss.
A. Increased, decreased, increased B. Increased, decreased, decreased C. Decreased, increased, increased D. Increased, increased, increased |
D
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9. The APPROXIMATE intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ are as follows (in order left to right Na(in) Na(out), K(in), K(out)
A 120, 40, 160 5 B 12, 150, 145, 6 C 134, 5, 10, 140 D 150, 140, 5, 10 |
B
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10. The following muscles have well defined microscopically observable “bands and lines”.
A. Smooth, cardiac B. Skeletal, cardiac C. Cardiac, smooth |
B
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11. Smooth muscle has a much smaller range of active force generation than skeletal muscle.
A. True B. False |
B
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12. In the multi-compartment compartment model used in class to describe drug concentration in the body after “injection” there are ______ phases and the phase ____ is elimination.
A. 2, 1 B. 3, 2 C. 2, 2 D. 3, 3 |
D
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13. It is well known that a drug injected into the blood stream may appear to “disappear” from the blood and have a concentration of 0 after a short time. This can happen because of all of the following EXCEPT
A. substantial protein binding B. detoxification by the liver C. destruction in the blood stream D. lack of protein binding |
D
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14. In the body, one route of drug elimination is the lung and this route is used to eliminate some of the by-products in a diabetic crisis. One of the products is
A. glucose B. lactic acid C. acetone D. nitrogen |
C
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15. One aspect of elimination kinetics of glucose in diabetes shows that the inability of tissue cells to use glucose properly will lead to ______ in the urine and then ___________ and finally __________.
A. lack of glucose, decreased urine flow, severe tissue edema (swelling) B. excess of glucose, decreased urine flow, severe tissue edema (swelling) C. lack of glucose, increased urine flow, severe tissue dehydration (shrinking) D. excess glucose, increased urine flow, severe tissue dehydration |
D
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16. A very important counter-transport in the body is the hydrogen-potassium couple which explains why excessively acidic blood can lead to _______ that can be fatal.
A. hyperglycemia B. hyperkalemia C. low blood potassium D. high blood sodium |
B
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17. A common mechanism of muscle contraction involves actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, and Ca++. Muscle contraction is triggered by _____ that then __________.
A. ATPase breakdown, tropomyosin binding to myosin B. ATPase breakdown, tropomyosin binding to actin C. Ca++ influx into the muscle, inhibition of the inhibitory effect of troponin-tropomyosin D. Loss of Ca++ from the muscle, increasing the inhibitory effect of tropomyosin. |
C
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18. In the multi-compartment kinetic model applied to the cardiovascular system is was pointed out SPECIFICALLY that the model also could be used to create a valid model for ______
A. a kidney B. the brain C a single cell D muscle |
C
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19. In skeletal muscle contraction, the transmitter substance is ______ and release of ___ from inside the muscle fiber is required for contraction.
A Epinephrine, sodium B. Serotonin, potassium C. Acetylcholine, calcium D. calcium, acetylcholine |
C
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20. The terms in the expansion of the Onsager frictional coefficient matrix has coefficient terms that are equivalent to:
A glucose metabolism B formic acid production C. diffusion constants D. lactic acid production |
C
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1. __________ muscle has well defined transverse tubules that carry ______ into the muscle
A. Smooth, Na+ and Ca++ B. Skeletal, Ca++ and MAP C. Cardiac, K+ and NAP D. Cardiac, Na+ and NAP |
B
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2. Which muscles are syncitial ?
A. Skeletal and cardiac B. Smooth and Skeletal C. Cardiac and Smooth |
C
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3. When vascular smooth muscle is stretched it :
A. Contracts continuously B. Contracts then relaxes and fires action potentials C. Relaxes and then shows plastic behavior D. Contracts, fires action potentials then shows plastic behavior |
D
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4. Ca++ gets into smooth muscle via
A. T tubules B. Longitudinal tubules C. Triads D. Diffusion |
D
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5. What element in the muscle model presented in class will unavoidably require increased energy expenditure when the muscle moves quickly compared to when it moves slowly.
A. the active element B. the spring element C. the damping element. |
C
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6. Normal Neuromuscular transmission depends on a balance between make-it and take-it steps relative to AcH in the clefts. Inhibiting the take-it step can lead to fatal outcomes. The etiology of this can be
A. increase in AcHase. B. increase in antiAcHase. C. blocking AcH production. D. decreasing antiAcHase. |
B
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7. In skeletal muscle calcium is released from the _______ into the cytosol and if the Ca++ cannot be _______ from the cytosol the muscle will go into constant contraction and ____ will increase dramatically sometimes causing death.
A. muscle cell membrane, removed, CO2 B. longitudinal SR tubules, sequestered, core temperature C. transverse SR tubules, destroyed, CO2 D. muscle cell membrane, sequestered, surface temperature |
B
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8. A unitary smooth muscle can adapt to being stretched over 5 times its “normal length” as in a full bladder or pregnant uterus because, among other reasons:
A. It shows plastic behavior B. It stops firing action potentials C. Dense bodies can release and reattach D. Actin and Myosin change their characteristics. |
C
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9. In the graphical model for muscle contraction (excitation contraction coupling) we see that as presynaptic depolarization increases AcH packet release _____ and there are ____ packets released when presynaptic depolarization is 0
A. increases, no B. decreases, many C. increases, some D. Increases, no |
C
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10. The adrenergic (NE-producing) synapse model presented in class shows that blockade of NE reuptake will
A. Increase NE synthesis in the postsynaptic vesicle B. decrease NE synthesis in the postsynaptic vesicle C. Increase NE in the synaptic gap D. decrease AcH in the synaptic gap |
C
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11. Which 2 presynaptic products are removed by the enzyme monamine oxidase (MAO) in the adrenergic synapse model presented in class.
A. AcH, Dopamine B. Tyrosine, dopamine C. NE, dopamine D. NE, AcHase |
C
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12. A medicine that INHIBITS the reuptake of NE is called a _______ and one such drug/medicine is _______. These actions can cause bizarre CNS activity and death.
A. serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin B. norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, cocaine C. MAO inhibitor, bug spray D. COMT inhibitory, neostigmine |
B
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13. The drug mentioned in class that releases NE from presynaptic terminals and is used to increase blood pressure is:
A. AcHase B. epinephrine C. ephedrine D. MAO |
C
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14. A presynaptic terminal that releases NE, as seen in class, also has a receptor that responds to the NE released
A. True B. False |
A
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15. What physical/anatomical element in skeletal muscle is partially responsible for the “damping factor” used in the muscle model presented in class.
A. Sacrolemma B. Actin C. Myosin D. Sarcopasmic reticulum |
D
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16 Which element is responsible for the “spring” used in the muscle model presented in class
A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum B. sarcolemma C. Actin D. Each of A-C |
D
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17. Individual skeletal and cardiac muscle cells regularly generate spontaneous MAPS
A. True B. False |
B
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18. According to the 3-dimensional length-tension-velocity curve for skeletal muscle the velocity of contraction at any length gets larger as tension increases
A. True B. False |
B
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19. Which of the following does NOT exhibit “stress relaxation” when stimulated with a “step” stretch?
A. a spring B. an aorta C. a urinary bladder |
A
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20. Which of the following is NOT a take-it step as discussed in the synapse model presented in class?
A. Adenylate cyclase B. MAO (monamine oxidase) C. Catechol-O-methyl transferase D. Phosphodiestarase |
A
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1. Make-it and take-it steps are ubiquitous in biological chemistry and along with blockade steps, as explained in class, can change synapse action dramatically. Which answer describes the most extensive make-it, take-it- and blocking agents in a NE synapse
1. DOPA production, MAO, guanethidine, Cocaine 2. Dopamine production, MAO, guanethidine, Cocaine 3. DOPA production, MAO, guanethidine, Cocaine, antiACHase 4. Dopamine production, COMT, MAO, reserpine, Cocaine |
D
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2. As explained in class, a very important biochemical system that operates in all body systems to trigger many intracellular activities involves phosphodiesterase (PDE), and other intimately related chemical species particularly cyclic AMP (cAMP). The initial steps in triggering cAMP production involve
A. G-proteins, ATP, protein kinases B. G - proteins, ATP, adenylate cyclase C. S-proteins, AMP, G-proteins D. G-proteins, ATP, adenylate cyclase, protein kinases |
B
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3. The medicine Viagra (Sildenafil) causes ______ of arterioles in the ________.
A. constriction, heart B. dilation, testicles C. constriction, corpus endothelium D. dilation, corpus cavernosum |
D
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4. The important mechanism of action of the medicine in #3 above involves _____________ of the take-it step controlled by ____________.
A. activation, ATP B. inhibition, PDE C. activation, adenylate cyclase D. inhibition, cAMP |
B
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5 As reviewed in class, the medicine in #3 above, while targeted at a specific organ has SIGNIFICANT effects on other tissues and organs, particularly the
A. heart, liver B. eye retina, adrenal gland C. heart, retina D. retina, liver |
C
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6. As explained in class the kind or type of drug, similar to that in #3 above is also used to stop severe cases of bronchospasm (as in severe asthma) and can be lifesaving. Examples this kind of medicine are
A. Albuterol, ethanol B. Aminophylline, albuterol C. Aminophylline, theobromine D. Beta-2 agonists, Beta-1 antagonists |
C
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7. Damage to the nerves coming out of the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord will affect the _______ nervous system most severely.
A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic |
A
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8. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems most often
A. augment the effects of each other B. antagonize each other |
B
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9. As explained in class, “by definition” the autonomic nervous system is
A. motor and sensory B. Sensory only C. motor only |
C
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10. The autonomic nervous system has ____ synapse(s) outside of the spinal cord. The FIRST synapse in the sequence operates via ______ receptors
A. 1, M B. 3, N C. 1, M D. 2, N |
D
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11. Cognition (thinking), mediated by the central nervous system (brain cortex and deeper structures) can interact with the autonomic (“automatic”) nervous system.
A. True B. False |
A
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12. The core system for the control of large organ systems (heart, lungs, kidney etc) is the autonomic nervous system [ANS]. We have focused on specific targets. The effect of the sympathetic ANS on the heart is to __________ contractility via the _________ receptors
A. speed up, A1 B. increase, B2 C. decrease, A2 D. increase, B1 |
D
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13. The parasympathetic division of the ANS, when activated, will _______ heart contractility and _________ heart rate.
A. increase, increase B. decrease, increase C. not change, decrease D. decrease, decrease |
C
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14. As explained in class, plexi such as the celiac plexus (the solar plexus) are part of the ANS, found throughout the body, and contain _________ and _______ be anesthetized by inhaled (gaseous) anesthetic agents.
A. synapses only, cannot B. synapses and fibers, can C. fibers only, cannot D. synapses only, can |
B
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15. The bronchioles (not vessels) in the lungs are _________ by the ________ division of the ANS via the _______ receptors.
A. constricted, sympathetic, M B. dilated, sympathetic, B2 C. dilated, sympathetic, B1 D. constricted, parasympathetic, N |
B
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16. Assuming that blood flow is maintained, blood pressure can increased by stimulation of the __________ nervous system via ______ receptors in the peripheral vessels (arterioles).
A. parasympathetic, N B. parasympathetic, M C. sympathetic, B1 D. sympathetic, A1 |
D
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17. Peripheral receptors for the ANS are very different, and follow different pathways, compared to receptor pathways that serve the somatic nervous system)
A. True B. False |
B
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18. As discussed in class glycogenolysis means that
A. Glucose is created B. Glucose in destroyed C. Glycogen is broken down D. Glycogen is synthesized |
C
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19. The sympathetic nervous system can control how much glucose and glycogen are present in the blood and organs
A. True B. False |
A
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20 As discussed in class, the autonomic nervous system controls or modulates breathing and heart rate by signals emanating from nuclei in the ____
A. spinal cord white matter B. spinal cord grey matter C. cerebral cortex D. brainstem |
D
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10. The passive compliance curves of a normal bladder and heart chamber show you that adding a small volume to the empty structure will
A. Dramatically increase internal volume B. Dramatically decrease internal pressure C. Slightly increase internal pressure D. Dramatically increase internal pressure |
C
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