Ebio Test 3

Front 1

Phylum Chytridiomycota

Back 1

chytrids

Front 2

Phylum Glomeromycota

Back 2

mycorrhizae

Front 3

Phylum Zygomycota

Back 3

molds, Rhizopus (bread mold)

Front 4

Phylum Ascomycota

Back 4

sac fungi (yeasts, morels, truffles)

Front 5

Phylum Basidiomycota

Back 5

club fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)

Front 6

Phylum Acrasiomycota

Back 6

cellular slime molds

Front 7

Phylum Myxomycota

Back 7

plasmodial slime molds

Front 8

mycology

Back 8

The study of fungi

Front 9

heterotrophs

Back 9

eat other organisms to survive

Front 10

saprobes

Back 10

nutrients from dead or decaying matter

Front 11

extracellular digestion

Back 11

fungal strands secrete digestive enzymes to dissolve its host (food)

Front 12

hypha (-ae)

Back 12

tiny filaments

Front 13

mycelium (-ia)

Back 13

The intertwined hyphae that form the body of the fungus are collectively

Front 14

multinucleate

Back 14

Some fungi have no interior cell walls, just an open multinucleate tube

Front 15

cytoplasmic streaming

Back 15

•               cytoplasm can move quickly back and forth through the network, circulates food and oxygen

Front 16

lignin

Back 16

substance that gives wood its stiffness

Front 17

symbiosis

Back 17

both partners benefit

Front 18

mutualism

Back 18

Can’t survive without the host plant

Front 19

lichens

Back 19

•               are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (mostly ascomycetes) and a green algae or cyanobacteria

Front 20

mycorrhizae

Back 20

>           root fungi (mostly Glomeromycota)

Front 21

endomycorrhizae

Back 21

on tree roots

Front 22

crustose

Back 22

body type thin encrustation

Front 23

foliose

Back 23

body type leaf-like

Front 24

fruticose

Back 24

body type thin branches

Front 25

sporangium (-ia)

Back 25

tiny round ball full of spores

Front 26

gametangium (-ia)

Back 26

Fused structure

Front 27

conjugation

Back 27

Reproduce sexually

Front 28

mating strain

Back 28

No male or female fungi

Front 29

spore

Back 29

•               are haploid cells in a protective envelope that can develop directly into haploid adults

Front 30

monokaryotic

Back 30

Fungi with only one nucleus in each cell

Front 31

dikaryotic

Back 31

Fungi with two nuclei in each cell

Front 32

conidiophore

Back 32

Fungi reproduce asexually by forming haploid spores

Front 33

slime mold

Back 33

orphan” phyla

Front 34

plasmodium

Back 34

nuclei inside complex network of cytoplasm

Front 35

swarm cell

Back 35

•               Food starts to run out, signal goes out to cells to swarm together

Front 36

zoospore

Back 36

Reproduce

Front 37

black wart disease

Back 37

parasites

Front 38

stolon

Back 38

– runner-like, spreads the mold

Front 39

rhizoid

Back 39

>           root like, anchors the mold

Front 40

sporangiophore

Back 40

stalk holds sporangium

Front 41

sporangium

Back 41

round ball full of spores

Front 42

zygospore

Back 42

Zygomycetes form reproductive structures

Front 43

ascus

Back 43

“Sac” is reproductive structure

Front 44

ascocarp

Back 44

sac fungi

Front 45

ascospores

Back 45

four haploid spores

Front 46

budding

Back 46

forming off of

Front 47

basidium (-ia)

Back 47

club-shaped reproductive structures

Front 48

basidiocarp

Back 48

•               mushroom

Front 49

basidiospores

Back 49

•               form at the tips of the basidia

Front 50

fairy ring

Back 50

Circles of mushrooms

Front 51

waxy cuticle

Back 51

a protective epidermis

Front 52

stomata

Back 52

breathing holes through the cuticle to exchange gases

Front 53

secondary metabolites

Back 53

toxic organic compounds

Front 54

secondary compounds

Back 54

plant byproducts

Front 55

tracheids

Back 55

Drinking tubes

Front 56

vessels

Back 56

advanced xylem cells

Front 57

tracheophytes

Back 57

Vascular plants

Front 58

gametophyte

Back 58

Haploid adult

Front 59

sporopollenin

Back 59

>           a tough biopolymer that prevents dessication and other hazards

Front 60

homosporous

Back 60

its hard to tell one spore from another

Front 61

heterosporous

Back 61

, male and female spores look different

Front 62

sporophylls

Back 62

special modified leaves

Front 63

strobilus (-i)

Back 63

Sporophylls (“spore leaves”) are often organized into a club-shaped

Front 64

gametangium (-ia)

Back 64

Gametes are produced in

Front 65

antheridium (-ia)

Back 65

A gametangium that produces sperm

Front 66

archegonium (-ia)

Back 66

A gametangium that produces eggs

Front 67

daughter colonies

Back 67

parent must die

Front 68

bryophytes

Back 68

No vascular tissue; two divisions one with vascular tissue, one without

Front 69

cushiony moss

Back 69

erect stalks

Front 70

feathery moss

Back 70

flattened mats, low-lying

Front 71

capsule

Back 71

Capsule ripens, the lid or operculum opens up, releases the spores

Front 72

protonema

Back 72

tiny green threads

Front 73

gemmae

Back 73

little vegetative buds

Front 74

Doctrine of Signatures

Back 74

•      creator has intentionally created plants to look like the parts of the body they could be used to cure!

Front 75

elaters

Back 75

long, twisted, moist cells

Front 76

gemmae cup

Back 76

where the gemmae are

Front 77

staminate cones

Back 77

give off pollen

Front 78

ovulate cones

Back 78

open to receive pollen

Front 79

ovules

Back 79

develop into seeds

Front 80

integument

Back 80

a protective layer of cells

Front 81

seed coat

Back 81

integument forms the protective

Front 82

seeds

Back 82

instead of spores

Front 83

megasporangium

Back 83

part of the ovule in which seeds develop

Front 84

megaspore mother cell

Back 84

produces four haploid megaspores by meiosis

Front 85

megaspore

Back 85

develop in a megasporangia, from a megaspore mother cell

Front 86

seed cones

Back 86

female

Front 87

pollen cones

Back 87

male

Front 88

needles

Back 88

adaptation to conserve water

Front 89

coevolution

Back 89

•               evolutionary change in one organism leads to an evolutionary change in another organism that interacts with it

Front 90

perennial

Back 90

lives for more than one year

Front 91

annual

Back 91

lives for only one year

Front 92

flower

Back 92

reproductive structures that are formed from four sets of modified leaves

Front 93

sepals

Back 93

protect floral parts in the bud

Front 94

petals

Back 94

attract pollinators

Front 95

stamen

Back 95

anthers and filaments

Front 96

anther

Back 96

holds four microsporangia

Front 97

carpel

Back 97

form the pistil (stigma, style, ovary)

Front 98

pistil

Back 98

consists of one or more carpels

Front 99

foliar theory of the carpel

Back 99

•               proposed that carpels evolved from leaves

Front 100

ovary wall (pericarp)

Back 100

a fruit to help disperse the seeds

Front 101

embryo sac

Back 101

This large cell with 8 nuclei is the female gametophyte

Front 102

micropyle

Back 102

where pollen tube enters

Front 103

pollen sac

Back 103

•               of developing gametophytes

Front 104

sperm nucleus

Back 104

•               divides in two, mature male gametophyte now contains three nuclei - two sperm nuclei, one tube

Front 105

double fertilization

Back 105

•               contains a 3N nucleus, which begins to divide repeatedly, forms the nutrition for the embryo - called endosperm (seed within)

Front 106

cotyledons (seed leaves

Back 106

help determine if it is a dicot or monocot

Front 107

dicot

Back 107

two seed leafs emerges from the seed

Front 108

monocot

Back 108

single seed leaf emerges from the seed

Front 109

hilum

Back 109

seed and you will see its belly button - a crescent shaped scar

Front 110

fruit

Back 110

disperse the seeds

Front 111

pericarp

Back 111

leathery, very oily

Front 112

endocarp

Back 112

stone or pit, encasing a single seed

Front 113

mesocarp

Back 113

•      endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp - each make a different part of the fruit

Front 114

simple dry fruit (know ex. of all fruit types)

Back 114

•      Grains - oats, rice, corn

Front 115

simple fleshy fruit

Back 115

•      one layer of the ovary wall develops into a thick, juicy, delicious pulp

Front 116

compound fruit

Back 116

develop from more than one ovary

Front 117

multiple fruit

Back 117

individual flowers togeth

Front 118

accessory fruit

Front 119

aggregate fruit

Back 119

flowers with many carpels forming a single ovary,

Front 120

meristem

Back 120

Most of the flesh we think of as the strawberry is derived from the receptacle

Front 121

parenchyma

Back 121

most common cell type, most of the plant body

Front 122

phloem

Back 122

conduct food

Front 123

xylem

Back 123

conduct water and dissolved mineral nutrients

Front 124

epidermal tissue

Back 124

outer layer, skin or bark, root hairs, guard cells

Front 125

ground tissue

Back 125

“background” tissue, mostly parenchyma

Front 126

vascular tissue

Back 126

xylem, phloem

Front 127

vascular bundles

Back 127

bundles of vascular tissue

Front 128

primary growth

Back 128

(up and down) is controlled by apical meristems

Front 129

apical meristem

Back 129

controls growth of stems

Front 130

secondary growth

Back 130

lateral thickening

Front 131

lateral meristem

Back 131

thin cylinder of tissue that rises through the body of the plant

Front 132

terminal bud

Back 132

Tender meristem tissue is protected by

Front 133

axillary bud

Back 133

Lateral branches come from

Front 134

node

Back 134

Leaves and axillary buds emerge at special growing points on the stem

Front 135

internode

Back 135

The spaces between the nodes are

Front 136

cortex

Back 136

used for food storage

Front 137

pith

Back 137

Parenchyma

Front 138

primary root

Back 138

main body of the root

Front 139

secondary root (lateral)

Back 139

•      lateral extensions of root

Front 140

root hairs

Back 140

•      finger-like extensions of epidermal cells, absorb water etc…

Front 141

stele

Back 141

surrounds the vascular tissue; inner circle

Front 142

endodermis

Back 142

Outer layer of cells in the stele are

Front 143

Casparian strip

Back 143

Endodermis cells are wrapped by a thin waterproof strip; seals every edge of the cell except the outside facing edge

Front 144

root cap

Back 144

very tough layer of cells

Front 145

tap root

Back 145

primary roots modified for food storage

Front 146

fibrous root

Back 146

•      no main root, many roots all about the same size

Front 147

petiole

Back 147

Leaves consist of a flat blade on a stalk

Front 148

blade

Back 148

, primarily responsible for photosynthesis

Front 149

midrib

Back 149

•      carries vascular bundles

Front 150

stipule

Back 150

crescent shaped cross section - leaf scars

Front 151

simple leaves

Back 151

- single blade, single petiole

Front 152

compound leaves

Back 152

many leaflets branching from a single petiole