Ebio Test 2

Front 1

Radial Symmetry

Back 1

the condition of having similar parts regularly arranged around a central axis; most sessile animals have this

Front 2

Bilateral Symmetry

Back 2

only one plane can divide the organism into essentially identical halves; most motile oganisms have this, best shape for moving through environments (especially water)

Front 3

Sessile

Back 3

attatched, filter feeds, develop defense (stinging cells), external fertilization, hermaphroditic, motile llarval stage

Front 4

Motile

Back 4

actively seek out food and mates, run away from predators

Front 5

Hermaphrodite

Back 5

self fertilization; sex cells of both male and female

Front 6

Internal Fertilization

Back 6

prevents gametes rom drying out, protective layer of cells

Front 7

External Fertilization

Back 7

fertilization occurs outside the body of the female

Front 8

Cephalization

Back 8

develop a head, a brain, and a central nervous system

Front 9

Anterior

Back 9

front

Front 10

Posterior

Back 10

back

Front 11

Dorsal

Back 11

towards the back

Front 12

Ventral

Back 12

toward the stomach

Front 13

Dessication

Back 13

tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness; to prevent this, develop a skin, keep respiratory surfaces on the inside, amniotic egg

Front 14

Endoskeleton

Back 14

skeleton on the inside

Front 15

Exoskeleton

Back 15

skeleton on the outside

Front 16

Ammonia

Back 16

aquatic animals excrete this because it needs a lot of water to dissolve

Front 17

Urea/Uric Acid

Back 17

excretion that requires less water

Front 18

Nephridia

Back 18

animals lose salts when they excrete, nephridia are tubes which replace the salts

Front 19

Surface Area/Volume Ration

Back 19

larger animals have more volume in relation to their surface area

Front 20

Vascular System

Back 20

tubes to carry materials back and forth, helps animals too big for diffusion

Front 21

Coelom

Back 21

hollow fluid filled core, developed for larger animals who are too big for diffusion, internal body cavity

Front 22

Opisthokonta

Back 22

animals that belong this larger monophyletic group, include phylum coanoflagellata, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia (all share common ancestor)

Front 23

Phylum Choanoflagellata

Back 23

places in kingdom protista, identical to feeling cells of spongge, bridge the gap between unicellular protists and multicellular animals, show communication between cells, divison of labor, specialization of cells

Front 24

Zygote

Back 24

result of meeting of sperm and egg

Front 25

Blastula

Back 25

early stage in embryonic development, produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of about 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled favity called the bastocoel

Front 26

Blastocoel

Back 26

central body cavity of the blastula

Front 27

Blastopore

Back 27

opening, distinction between deutorosome and protosomes is based o nthe direction in which the mouth develops in relation to the blastopore

Front 28

Endoderm

Back 28

skin within, forms gut, internal organs

Front 29

Mesoderm

Back 29

skin in the middle, forms skeleton and muscles

Front 30

Ectoderm

Back 30

skin outside, forms epidermis and nervous system

Front 31

Acoelomate

Back 31

animals that have no body cavity; flatworms

Front 32

Tripoblastic

Back 32

three layers of tissue

Front 33

Pseudocoelomate

Back 33

roundworms, rotifers; coelem is actually a fluid filled remnant of the blastocoel

Front 34

Coelomate

Back 34

coelom is formed from the mesoderm and lined by mesodermal membranes (the peritoneum)

Front 35

Protostome

Back 35

first mouth, blastopore becomes the mouth, anus opens opposite the mouth later on, annelids, molluscks, arthropods

Front 36

Spiral Cleavage

Back 36

in protostome embryo

Front 37

Determinate

Back 37

cells in protostomes, fate set early on

Front 38

Schizocoels

Back 38

in protostomes, coelom forms as a split in the mesoderm

Front 39

Deuterostome

Back 39

second mouth, blastopore becomes the anus, mouth opens opposite the anus later on, annelids and chordates

Front 40

Radial Cleavage

Back 40

in deuterostome embryo

Front 41

Indeterminate

Back 41

deuterostomes, cells fate not set early on

Front 42

Enterocoels

Back 42

the coelom forms from pouches "pinched" off of the digestive tract

Front 43

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Back 43

fluids are incompressible, support from water, Porifera

Front 44

Colonial Organisms

Back 44

sessile organisms, rely on motile larvae, show divion of labor

Front 45

Amoebocytes

Back 45

digest, transport, store food, transport sperm to eggs, secrete spicules

Front 46

Choanocytes

Back 46

collar cells, feeding cells, flagella move water through sponge, deliver food, oxygen, gametes, carries of waste (ammonia)

Front 47

Spicules

Back 47

skeleton, helps sponges keep shape, help classify them, several types (calcium, silica, spongin)

Front 48

Choanoflagellate

Back 48

inside out sponge

Front 49

Ostium

Back 49

outer pores, water enteres there

Front 50

Osculum

Back 50

water exits sponge here

Front 51

Spongocoel

Back 51

central cavity of sponge, water passes through here

Front 52

Asconoid

Back 52

grade of sponge, very small, flagella can move water through the spongocoel

Front 53

Syconoid

Back 53

grade of sponge, small, with radial canals, extra surface area for more choanocytes

Front 54

Leuconoid

Back 54

all larger sponges

Front 55

Mesoglea

Back 55

space between ectoderm and endoderm is filled with mesoglea, "jelly int he middle"

Front 56

Gastrovascular Cavity

Back 56

most primitive animals have a body cavity with a GVC, digestion is extracellular, gland cells break down food in the GVC

Front 57

Tentacles

Back 57

used to capture prey, some have stinging cells, studded with nematocysts, hang from bell, prey is stung and passed to mouth, then through GVC

Front 58

Cnidocytes

Back 58

stinging cells, contain coiled nematocysts

Front 59

Nematocysts

Back 59

several types, sticky for attachment or movement, long for entangling prey, have spines or poison bards to ensnare or stun prey

Front 60

Dimorphic

Back 60

sessile polyps or motile medusa, both forms in life cycle

Front 61

Polyp

Back 61

in reproduction, polyp buds into a medusa, larvae developo into a polyp, or budding

Front 62

Medusa

Back 62

in reproduction, produce gametes (most hermaphroditic)

Front 63

Planula Larva

Back 63

in sexual reproduction, external fertilization, zygote develops in planula larva, larva develops into new polyp

Front 64

Ephrya

Back 64

in sexual reproduction, polyps bud off tiny medusae called ephyra

Front 65

Budding

Back 65

asexual reproduction

Front 66

Umbrella (bell)

Back 66

under surface of the body

Front 67

Coral Reef

Back 67

colonial forms for coral reefs, one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet

Front 68

Dorsoventral Flattening

Back 68

no respiratory or circulatory system, rely on diffusion

Front 69

Protonephridia

Back 69

water and other wastes pass through these tubes

Front 70

Flame Cells

Back 70

specialized cells, drive fluid through protonephridia

Front 71

Pharynx

Back 71

comes out from middle of body to feed

Front 72

Circular muscles

Back 72

for movement

Front 73

Longitudinal muscles

Back 73

for movement

Front 74

Auricles

Back 74

primitive sense organ, ear like projections, sensitive to chemicals and touch

Front 75

Eyespots

Back 75

primitive sense organ, shallow pits lined with light sensitive cells

Front 76

Statocyst

Back 76

primitive sense organ, cup shaped pit lined with sensitive hairs, bent by tiny weights; balance organ so know which side is up and which is down because the hair moves at angles

Front 77

Scolex

Back 77

class cestoda, highly modified head, has barbs to hang on to host, has ganglia (nervous system); latch to host

Front 78

Proglottids

Back 78

one of the segments of a tapeworm that is hermaphroditic, has complete set of male and female reproductive organs

Front 79

Corona

Back 79

crown of cilia, for feeding, draws particles into mouth

Front 80

Mastax

Back 80

muscular pharynx, grinds food

Front 81

Parthenogenesis

Back 81

unfertilized eggs develop directly into adult females (asexual)

Front 82

Trochophore Larva

Back 82

all mollusks have this form of larva, shared larval form of trochozoans

Front 83

Hemocoel

Back 83

coelom is a small place around the heart, support and circulation

Front 84

Mantle

Back 84

shell secreted by soft outder fold of tissue, soft bodies of mollusk enclosed in a hard shell of calcium carbonate

Front 85

Mantle cavity

Back 85

the space that thte mantle enfolds

Front 86

Gills

Back 86

used in feeding and respiration, two pairs in mantle cavity

Front 87

Incurrent Siphon

Back 87

brings in oxygen, food for sedentary filter feeders (bivalves)

Front 88

Excurrent Siphon

Back 88

carries out wastes, gametes in sedentary filter feeders (bivalves)

Front 89

Radula

Back 89

scraping tongue, scrape algae and small animals off rocks, sedentary lack them (bivalves)

Front 90

Chitin

Back 90

hard outer covering, skeleton

Front 91

Visceral Mass

Back 91

solid tissue, internal organs embedded here

Front 92

Foot

Back 92

muscular, extends from visceral mass, can glide or burrow

Front 93

Labial Palps

Back 93

move food to mouth in bivalves

Front 94

Tentacles

Back 94

sensory in gastropods, locomotion and capture of prey in cephlapods

Front 95

Torsion

Back 95

in gastropods, results in visceral mass being rotated 180 degrees, advantages; gills toward the front, can withdraw into shell, only one opening for predators

Front 96

Open Circulatory System

Back 96

blood only partly enclosed in vessels, bathes tissues directly, blood squeezed through 3 chambered heart

Front 97

Nephridia

Back 97

excretion, drains wastes collected in the coelom, delivers waste to the mantle vacity to be pumped out

Front 98

Operculum

Back 98

opening in gastropods sealed by a shelly plate; when snails go in shell can close this opening for protection

Front 99

Segmentation

Back 99

each segment is separated by cross walls (septae), gives worms amazing ability to push through dirt

Front 100

Segments

Back 100

or metameres, allow for locomotion, contain circular and longitudinal muscles, segments are free to specialize and identical

Front 101

Setae

Back 101

bristles on segments, made of chitin, help anchor in time of attack

Front 102

Septae

Back 102

separate each segment

Front 103

Parapodia

Back 103

paddle like appendages, covered with setae, provide more surface area for respiration by diffusion, class polychaeta

Front 104

Clitellum

Back 104

series of segments swollen by large mucus glands, secretes mucus to hold worms together while they mate, class oligochaeta and hirundinea, hermaphroditic so attatch and fertilize simultaneously

Front 105

Cocoon

Back 105

mucus from clitellum forms a protective cocoon, lecces lay eggs in a cocoon

Front 106

Detritivores

Back 106

most earthworms feed on dead organic material, mostly vegetation

Front 107

Coelom

Back 107

annelids are coelomates, in hirundeas coelom is greatly reduced

Front 108

Peritoneum

Back 108

forms the internal lining of the abdominal cavity

Front 109

Interstitial Habitat

Back 109

on land on on sea, life between grains of soil, moist so sill aquatic

Front 110

Copulatory Hook

Back 110

males have this, holds open females genital pore

Front 111

Jointed appendages

Back 111

feature of all arthropods

Front 112

Cuticle

Back 112

covers body, non living outer layer made of chitin and protein, acts as exoskeleton

Front 113

Chitin

Back 113

part of exoskeleton

Front 114

Exoskeleton

Back 114

outer covering, protection; insect exoskeleton must be small to move, why inseacts are so small? also to avoid predators

Front 115

Molt

Back 115

shed exoskeleton to get bigger, vulnerable while molting

Front 116

Tagma

Back 116

fusion segments into functional units

Front 117

Tagmosis

Back 117

the process of fusion of segments into functional units

Front 118

Head

Back 118

one of the 3 major arthropod body segments

Front 119

Thorax

Back 119

one of the 3 major arthropod body segments

Front 120

Abdomen

Back 120

one of the 3 major arthropod body segments

Front 121

Cephalothorax

Back 121

head and thorax fused together, abdomen behind

Front 122

Statocyst

Back 122

balance organ

Front 123

Antennae

Back 123

sensory organ

Front 124

Simple/ Compound Eyes

Back 124

sensory organ

Front 125

Gills

Back 125

respiration via gills in aquative forms, have open circulatory system, terrestrial forms breathe by diffusion

Front 126

Sexual dimorphism

Back 126

sexes are different

Front 127

Chelicerae

Back 127

subphylum chelicerata, arachnids, modified for manipulating food, usually fangs or pinchers, lack antennae

Front 128

Book Lungs

Back 128

how spiders breathe

Front 129

Fangs

Back 129

chelicerae

Front 130

Pedipalps

Back 130

modified legs, sensory organs, pincers, copulatory organs, 2nd pair of appendages, detect vibrations for food

Front 131

Spinnerets

Back 131

posterior appendages, produce silk threads used to build webs to capture prey

Front 132

Webs

Back 132

used to capture prey, not all spiders spin webs, they are very strong

Front 133

Rocky Mt Spotted Fever

Back 133

class arachnida, ticks carry this disease

Front 134

Lyme Disease

Back 134

ticks and mites carry this disease

Front 135

Biramous Appendages

Back 135

branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end to end, typical of crustaceans, ex. antennae of crawfish

Front 136

Uniramous Appendages

Back 136

comprises a single series of segments attached end to end

Front 137

Mandibles

Back 137

third pair of appendages used for tough biting or chewing

Front 138

Naupliu Larvae

Back 138

all crustaceans have this type of larva in common

Front 139

Detritus

Back 139

decaying vegetables

Front 140

Detrivores

Back 140

feed on detritus

Front 141

Pheromones

Back 141

class diplopoda, scent used for communication

Front 142

Trachea

Back 142

class insecta, spiracles open into this tiny network of tubes, loss water vapor thorugh trachea

Front 143

Spiracles

Back 143

class insecta, breathe via these openings along the abdomen, many insects have valves on their spiracles to prevent water loss

Front 144

Malphigian Tubules

Back 144

class insecta, used to excrete waste, projections of the digestive tract

Front 145

Uric Acid

Back 145

excretion

Front 146

Simple Metamorphosis

Back 146

hemimetabolous, about 10 percent, no resting stage, juvenile looks like tiny adult

Front 147

Complete Metamorphosis

Back 147

holometabolous, about 90 percent, resting stage (pupa), adults look different, live in different places, eat different things

Front 148

Endoskeleton

Back 148

consists of many small plates, covered by a thin epidermis, made of calcium carbonate

Front 149

Spines

Back 149

many small, sharp spines can extend from the body

Front 150

Tube Feet

Back 150

used for feeding, filter feeding, locomotion

Front 151

Ampullae

Back 151

on the feet, squeezes water into the tube foot

Front 152

Madreporite

Back 152

small filter on tube feet, water flows through hear

Front 153

Ring Canal

Back 153

water passes from the madreporite here

Front 154

Radial Canal

Back 154

arms, water passes through here to the tube feed

Front 155

Mutable or "catch" connective tissue

Back 155

can change from solid to near liquid at will

Front 156

Dermal gills

Back 156

class asteroidea, small projections of skin stick out near the base of the spines, aid in respiration and excretion

Front 157

Pedicillaria

Back 157

class asteroidea, small stalks that project from the skin that have tiny pincers, help to capture prey and repel boarders, plyers

Front 158

Notochord

Back 158

one of the three characteristics of chordates, flexible supporting rod made of cartilage, in most adult chordates this develops into the vertebral colum, present in some stage of development

Front 159

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Back 159

one of the three characteristics of chordates, develops into the spinal column and brain

Front 160

Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Back 160

one of the three characteristics of chordates, sppear in some gorm of development, evolved to aid in respiration and filter feeding, gill arches because fortified, no longer filter feeders, formed primitive jaws, gas exchanged and filter feeding in hemichordata

Front 161

Gills

Back 161

used for feeding and respiration, reinforced with cartilage or bone

Front 162

Heoteny

Back 162

occurs when the juvenile form becomes capable of sexual reproduction and bypasses the adult stage altogether, vertebreates may have risen from tunicates this way

Front 163

Tetrodotoxin

Back 163

venom, causes paralysis, class chaetognatha (arrow worms)

Front 164

Jaw

Back 164

arches in pharyngeal gills slits formed into primitive biting jaws, biting jaws very important evolutionary adaptation

Front 165

Vertebrae

Back 165

make up vertebral column

Front 166

Vertebral Column

Back 166

defines vertebreates, in msot adult chordates the vertebral column develops from the notochord, linear series of vertebrae

Front 167

Backbone

Back 167

vertebral column

Front 168

Cartilage

Back 168

not bone

Front 169

Paired Fins

Back 169

horizontal stabilizers, keep sharks on a stead keel, preadaptation for forelimbs and hindlimbs, Class Chondrichtyes

Front 170

Pelvic Fin

Back 170

type of paired fin

Front 171

Pectoral Fin

Back 171

type of paired fin

Front 172

Preadaptation

Back 172

when evolution takes an existing structure and puts it to a new use, paired fins

Front 173

Lateral Line

Back 173

in sharks, sensory system in the skin, can detect pressure waves in water, can sense approaching predators and struggling prey

Front 174

Denticles

Back 174

in sharks, tooth like skin covering

Front 175

Shagreen

Back 175

shark skin, once sold as sandpaper, still used in boots, belts, etc.

Front 176

Swim Bladder

Back 176

all bony fish have this, gas bag that can be inflaed or deflated at will, regulates buoyancy, responds to pressure, precursor to vertebrate lung

Front 177

Bony Skeleton

Back 177

lightweight, thin bones, Class Actinopterygii

Front 178

Scales

Back 178

can be protective, reptiles covered to withstand arid environments

Front 179

Amniotic Eggs

Back 179

fish egg develops a protective membrane and shell, analogous to the seed, class reptilia

Front 180

Feathers

Back 180

evolved from reptilian scales, preadaptation, evolved for insulations

Front 181

Endotherm

Back 181

mammals, warm blooded, heated from within

Front 182

Milk

Back 182

mammals nourish young from mammary glands

Front 183

Nipple

Back 183

all mammals have this

Front 184

Navel

Back 184

not all mammals have these

Front 185

Placental mammal

Back 185

nourish fetus inside the body, attached by an umbilical cord to a placenta

Front 186

Marsupial

Back 186

nourish young in an external pouch, kangaroos and koalas

Front 187

Monotreme

Back 187

lay eggs, platypus and echidna

Front 188

Hair

Back 188

mammal bodies covered with hair, made of keratin, only creatue with hair not fur

Front 189

Keratin

Back 189

protein, makes fingernails, toenails, claws, hooves, and horns