Ebio

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ascus

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sac is reproductive structure

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ascocarp

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mushroom-like fruiting body

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ascospores

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formed in ascus, reproductive spores

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budding

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yeast- forms a new cell that develops as a smaller bud attached to the
parent cell

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conidiophore

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reproduce asexually with special hyphae

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conidia

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tiny spores

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basidium

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club-shaped reproductive structure

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basidiocarp

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fruiting body commonly called a mushroom

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basidiospores

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formed in basidium

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fairy ring

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ring of mushrooms growing pattern

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conidiophore

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reproduce asexually with these

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waxy cuticle

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protective layer of epidermal cells

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stomata

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tiny opening in cuticle to exchange gases

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root-shoot system

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roots anchor plants in ground, shoots are stiffened stems

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lignin

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stem stiffener

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secondary metabolites

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Complex metabolic chemistry of plants produces many
toxic organic compounds, called secondary metabolites, these are mainly toxic to
animals, but not to plants

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secondary compounds

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these are mainly toxic to
animals, but not to plants

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diffusion

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movement from high to low concentration

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vascular system

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tubes for carrying materials back and forth

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tracheophytes

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vascular plants

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alternation of generations

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haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte

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gametophyte

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life cycle where gametes are made haploid mitosis

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sporophyte

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life cycle where spores are made diploid meiosis

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sporangium

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sporophytes produce spores

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spore

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develops directly into haploid adult

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sporopollenin

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protective outer layer of sporophyte

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homosporous

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male and female spores look the same

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heterosporous

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male and female spores look different

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sporophylls

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special modified leaves where sporangia are often attached

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strobilus

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sporophylls are organized into club-shaped ____, pine cones
and flowers are complex variations on primitive ____

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gametangium

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where gametes are produced

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antheridium

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produces sperm

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archegonium

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produces eggs

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Division Bryophyta

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mosses (Mnium, Sphagnum)

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Division Hepaticophyta

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liverworts (Marchantia, Porella)

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Division Anthocerophyta

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hornworts

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bryophytes

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no vascular tissue

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rhizoids

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epidermal cells that anchor the plant in the ground

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cushiony moss

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erect stalks

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feathery moss

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flattened mats, low-lying

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capsule

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where cells undergo meiosis and form haploid spores

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operculum

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lid in plants over spores

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protonema

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germination of spores, tiny green threads

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gemmae

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little buds that break off and grow into a new plant

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peat bog

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most acidic natural environment

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Doctrine of Signatures

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creator made plants to look like parts of the body that
they would cure

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elaters

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long twisted moist cells

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gemmae cup

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asexual reproduction- little cup with tiny liverwort inside

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Division Lycophyta

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club moss, quillworts

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Division Sphenophyta

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horsetails

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Division Psilophyta

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whisk fern

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Division Pterophyta

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true ferns

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homosporous

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spores identical can’t tell male or female

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heterosporous

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easy to differentiate the female and male

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rhizomes

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horizontal stem that spreads the plant around

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sporophylls

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modified leaves that bear the sporangia at their bases

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strobilus

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club shaped structure of sporophylls

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sorus

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clusters of sporangia

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indusium

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tiny umbrella-like cap that protects sori

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prothallus

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little heart-shaped gametophyte “first body”

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fiddlehead

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early stage of a true fern

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Division Gnetophyta

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Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia

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Division Cycadophyta

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cycads

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Division Ginkgophyta

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Ginkgo bilboa

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Division Coniferophyta

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conifers

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staminate cones

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male cones, smaller

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ovulate cones

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female cones, open to receive pollen

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sporophylls

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bear sporangia

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ovules

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develop into seeds, megasporangium + integument

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integument

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protective layer of cells

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seed coat

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prevents embryo from desiccation

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seeds

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ovule develop into seeds

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megasporangium

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produces female megaspores

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megaspore mother cell

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produces four haploid megaspores by meiosis

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microsporangium

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male cone is smaller

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microspore mother cell

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divide by meiosis to form haploid microspores

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microspore

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develop into male gametophyte (pollen)

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pollen grains

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male gametophyte

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pollen tube

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enters female gametophyte, discharges sperm

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tracheids

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water conducting cells

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pollen cones

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male cones

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seed cones

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female

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needles

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preserve water

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Division Anthophyta

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flowering plants

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Class Monocotyledonae

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monocots

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Class Dicotyledonae

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dicots

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vessels

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conduct water

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fruit dispersal

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ovary walls form a fruit to disperse seeds

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coevolution

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evolutionary change in one organism leads to an evolutionary
change in another organism that interacts with it

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perennial

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plant lives more than two years

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annual

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one year life cycle

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flower

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reproductive structures that are formed from four sets of modified leaves

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sepals

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protect floral parts in the bud

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petals

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attract pollinators

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stamen

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male organ of plant, anthers and filaments

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anther

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tip of stamen, pollen set free by opening of anther

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filament

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stalk of stamen

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carpel

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form the pistil, female reproductive organ of flower

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pistil

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group of carpel

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stigma

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upper surface

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style

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long, slender neck

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foliar theory of the carpel

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carpels evolved from leaves, Goethe

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ovary

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holds ovule, at base of pistil

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ovary wall (pericarp)

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outermost layer of fruit

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ovule

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contained in ovary, develops into seed after fertilization

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megasporangium

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located in ovary

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megaspore mother cell

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divides by meiosis to form four haploid megaspores

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embryo sac

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female gametophyte of flowering plants

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microspore

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male

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pollen sac

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developing gametophytes

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sporopollenin

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biopolymer that protects spores

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pollen tube

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long tube to penetrate pistil and reach the ovary

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double fertilization

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unique to angiosperms, diploid zygote that develops into
adult, triploid endosperm

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endosperm

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nutrition for embryo

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Division Zygomycota

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molds, Rhizopus (bread mold)

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Division Ascomycota

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sac fungi (yeasts, morels, truffles)

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Division Basidiomycota

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club fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)

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Division Deuteromycota

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fungi imperfecti - Penicillium, Aspergillus

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mycology

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study of fungi

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heterotrophs

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need to eat to survive

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parasites

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feed off another organism

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saprobes

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plants that get their nutrients from dead or decaying matter

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extracellular digestion

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secrete digestive enzymes to dissolve food

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hypha (-ae)

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tangle of tiny filaments that make up the body of a fungi

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mycelium (-ia)

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The intertwined hyphae that form the body of the fungus are
collectively called a

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chitin

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makes up cell wall of fungi

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multinucleate

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having multiple nuclei within a single cell, common in fungi
because septae are incomplete

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cytoplasmic streaming

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cytoplasm can stream back and forth carrying nutrients to
the tips of the hyphae

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lignin

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only fungi can break this down- it adds stiffness to the cell wall of plants

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symbiosis

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interaction between two organisms

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mutualism

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each partner benefits from the symbiosis

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lichens

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combination of fungus with a green algae or cyanobacteria

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crustose

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thin encrustation

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foliose

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leaf-like

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fruticose

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thin-branches

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mycorrhizae

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grow around and inside roots of plants to help them grow

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endomycorrhizae

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inside roots

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ectomycorrhizae

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outside roots

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sporangium (-ia)

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where spores are formed in fungi

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gametangium (-ia)

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fused mating fungi strains, sexual reproductive structure
(hyphal tips)

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conjugation

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sexual reproduction by fusion of nuclei, fungi reproduce

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mating strain

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no female or male fungi, only + or – mating strains

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spore

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a cell that can develop directly into a complete haploid adult

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monokaryotic

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only one nucleus in each cell

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dikaryotic

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2 nuclei in each cell

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conidiophore

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fungi use this to reproduce asexually, a long hyphae

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conidia

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tiny haploid spores at end of conidiophore

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Division Zygomycota

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bread molds, Rhizopus

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stolon

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runner-like, spreads the mold

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rhizoid

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root-like, anchors the mold

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sporangiophore

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stalk holds sporangium

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sporangium

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tiny round ball full of spores

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zygospore

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sexual structure of all division zygomycota