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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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uric acid
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Gets rid of nitrogenous wastes
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nephridia
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Simple Tubes through which the wastes pass and nutrious can be recovered
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surface area / volume ratio
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reason why some animals can't use diffusion, they have too much volume to surface area
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vascular system
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Tubes that carry material back and forth
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coelom
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Hollow fluid-filled core
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Opisthokonta
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Larger group that animals belong to that includes other groups
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Phylum Choanoflagellata
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part of the Opisthokonta
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choanoflagellate
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part of the Opisthokonta
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zygote
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stage after gamete in reproduction
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blastula
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stage after zygote in reproduction
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blastocoel
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Fluid filled cavity found in the interior of the blastula
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blastopore
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Opening at one end
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endoderm
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Skin within
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mesoderm
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Middle layer of skin
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ectoderm
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Outside layer of skin
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acoelomate
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animals that lack a coelom
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pseudocoelomate
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remnant of the hollow space inside that blastula, the bastocoel
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coelomate
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animals who have a coelom that surrounds most internal organs
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protostome
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Forms the mouth and shows a pattern of spiral cleavage
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spiral cleavage
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form in a spiral pattern and are called determinate
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determinate
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fate is determined early on in development
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schizocoels
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coelom in protostomes develps as a split in the mesoderm
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deuterostome
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first opening becomes the anus and shows a pattern of radial cleavage
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radial cleavage
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cells appear directly over other cells
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indeterminate
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if seperated early in life they can develop into a completely functioning organism
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enterocoels
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coelom in deuterostomes develpps from outpocketing of the gut
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hydrostatic skeleton
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rigid type skeleton that is actually the coelom
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colonial organism
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When many different cell types work together
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amoebocytes
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special cell that specializes in some function
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choanocyte (collar cell)
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aids sponges in feeding which act as a sieve filtering out larger food particles
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spicules
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small skeletal elements that keep the sponge ridid
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spongin
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network of protein fibers that support the sponge
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choanoflagellate
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protozoan that has to eat things smaller than itself through filtration
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ostium (-ia)
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pores visible on the sides of sponges
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osculum
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large exit hole on top of the sponge
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spongocoel
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small central cavity where choanocytes are located
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asconoid
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simple sponge that has a spongocoel
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syconoid
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complex sponge that have folded canals of feeding cells off of the spongocoel
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leuconoid
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larger type of sponge that has canals of feeding cells
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mesoglea
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layer of protein jelly
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gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
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pouch that food is digested in for Cnidarians
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tentacles
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hand like appendages
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cnidocytes
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special stinging cells used to catch food
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nematocysts
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Coiled thread inside the cnidocytes
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dimorphic
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existing as either a sessile polyp or a motile medusa
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polyp
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immature stage
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medusa
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sexual stage
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planula larva
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stage after a zygote that becomes a polyp for a while and then budds off a new medusae
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ephyra
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larva of a jellyfish
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budding
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forms off of
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umbrella (bell)
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many jellyfish have tentacles on the outer edge of the umbrella and it can be contracted to move the animal
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coral reef
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stony corals that are secreted skeletons of calcium carbonate
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dorsoventral flattening
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back to belly of flatworms
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triploblastic
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all three germ layers are found; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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protonephridia
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a primative excretory organ
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flame cells
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special flagellated cells on the end of the protonephridia
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pharynx
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tube that leads directly into the digestive tract and is used to eat when they evert it
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circular muscles
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series of muscles found in flatworms
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longtitudinal muscles
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another series of muscles found in flatworms
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auricles
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are not ears but are sensative to both mechanical and chemical stimuli
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mastax
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pharynx
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parthenogenesis
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when unfertilized eggs develop directly into female adults
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trochophore larva
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larval form of the mollusks
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hemocoel
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small space around the heart
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mantle
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thin sheet of tissue that excretes the shell that incloses the internal organisms
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mantle cavity
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small empty space
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gills
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highly complex and greatly folded sheets of tissue that exchange oxygen and Carbon dioxide
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incurrent siphon
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let water in
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excurrent siphon
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let water out
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radula
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rasping tounge of mollusks
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eyespots
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light sensative pigmented cells
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statocyst
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a cup of cells with pressure sensitive hairs and small grains of material that roll around and tell the animal which way is up
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scolex
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head end with small barbs are the top to aid in attachment to the intestinal wall
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proglottids
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identical segments that break off and serve as sacs of mature eggs
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corona
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crown of cilia that beat together to draw in food
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chitin
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cellulose polymer with an added nitrogenous group
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visceral mass
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solid mass of tissue that surrounds the internal organs of a mollusk
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foot
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aids in moving and digging
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labial palps
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help carry food to the mouth
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tentacles
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foot that is divided
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torsion
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twisting of body
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open circulatory system
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blood leaves the veins
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nephridia
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Simple Tubes through which the wastes pass and nutrious can be recovered
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operculum
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an opening capped by a shelly plate
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shell
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hard covering
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incurrent siphon
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lets water in
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excurrent siphon
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lets water out
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adductor muscles
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what opens and closes the shell
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mesentery
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or membrane that encloses the coelom or hemocoel
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hemocoel (coelom)
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small space around the heart
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segmentation
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division of parts
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segments
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identical fluid filled compartments
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metamerism
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another word for segmentation
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setae
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small stiff bristles
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septae
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transverse membranes that separate segments
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parapodia
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paddle-like appendages
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clitellum
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what worms use to fertilize each other and is the swollen glad in the end of the worm that holds them together during mating
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cocoon
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protects the eggs until they hatch
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detritivores
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Animals that feed on detritus
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peritoneum
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thin mesodermal lining of the coelom
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peristomium
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first segment
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prostomium
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Short blunt segment that overhangs on the mouth
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male pores
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through which sperm emerge
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seminal groove
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convey the sperm to the female pores on its mating partner
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dorsal blood vessel
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vesel on top of worm
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interstitial habitat
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aquatic habitats
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copulatory hook
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in males and used for mating
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jointed appendages
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appendages that have joints
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cuticle
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A protective outer layer of epidermal cells
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molt
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shedding of exoskeleton
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tagma
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segments that have fused together into functional units
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tagmosis
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process of segment fusion
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cephalothorax
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the head and thorax are fused together
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statocyst
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balance organs
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simple eyes
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sensory organ
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compound eyes
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sensory organ
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sexual dimorphism
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the existence of two different forms (as of color or size) of a species especially in the same population
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chelicerae
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first pair of appendages
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pedipalps
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and the second pair of appendages
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spinnerets
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Spiders have special modified posterior appendages which they use to spin their webs
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biramous appendages
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Each leg has an additional process, like a little miniature leg branching off from the main leg
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uniramous appendages
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The result from the evolutionary loss of the second branch
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nauplius larvae
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type of larva shared by crustaceans
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pheromones
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chemical hormones
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trachea
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Tiny Tubes that aid in diffusion
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spiracles
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open in tiny holes called
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malphigian tubules
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projections of the digestive tract that help conserve water
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simple metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)
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which there is no resting stage
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complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)
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in which one stage is an inactive pupa, like the cocoon of the moth or the chrysalis of the butterfly
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rostrum
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the often spinelike anterior median prolongation of the carapace of a crustacean
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carapace
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a bony or chitinous case or shield covering the back or part of the back of an animal
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chelae
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claws
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cheliped
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one of the pair of legs that bears the large chelae in decapod crustaceans
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swimmerets
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legs on the abdomen
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telson
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the terminal segment of the body of an arthropod or segmented worm
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uropod
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either of the flattened lateral appendages of the last abdominal segment of a crustacean
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gonads
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horseshoe shapes inside the gastric pouches
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gonads
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horseshoe shapes inside the gastric pouches
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esophagus
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tube from pharynx to stomach
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tube feet
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one of the small flexible tubular processes of most echinoderms that are extensions of the water-vascular system and are used especially in locomotion and grasping
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ampullae
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a saccular anatomical swelling or pouch
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madreporite
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tiny sieve plate that keeps out pieces of debris
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ring canal
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that runs along the outer edge of the umbrella
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radial canal
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Water passes into a ring canal, out into a series of radial canals, and finally into the tube feet
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mutable or “catch” connective tissue
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can change consistency at will, from very hard to very soft. This is what allows starfish to flex their arms, or drop an arm if attacked by predators
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dermal gills
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small finger-like projections of the skin that stick out near the base of the spines on the surface
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pedicillaria
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numerous small pincers on tiny stalks
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ambulacral groove
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of, relating to, or being any of the radial areas of echinoderms along which run the principal nerves, blood vessels, and elements of the water-vascular system
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pyloric stomach
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sits on top of the larger cardiac stomach
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cardiac stomach
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fills most of the center of the disc
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notochord
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flexible supporting rod of cartilage
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dorsal hollow nerve cord
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forms the spinal cord and the brain in vertebrates
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pharyngeal gill slits
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used to function as gills until it evolved
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neoteny
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the juvenile form becomes capable of sexual reproduction, and the adult stage is completely bypassed
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tetrodotoxin
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paralytic poison
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paired fins
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humble evolutionary origin of the paired limbs of higher vertebrates
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pelvic fin
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used as horizontal stabilizers
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pectoral fin
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used as horizontal stabilizers
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preadaptation
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a character of an organism or taxonomic group that takes on a function when none previously existed or that differs from its existing function which has been derived by evolution
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lateral line
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sensory system ; lateral line sensors can detect small pressure waves in water, such as those generated by struggling prey. Lateral lines are the fish equivalent of hearing
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denticles
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shagreen
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Shark skin
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swim bladder
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which they can breathe air or regulate their buoyancy
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bone (bony skeleton)
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possess a true bony endoskeleton
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bony jaws
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part of the bony skeleton
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scales
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protective
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amniotic egg
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a protective membrane which forms around the egg following fertilization
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endotherm
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warm-blooded
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placental mammal
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nourish the fetus with in the mother's body by means of a placenta attached to the fetus by a long cord
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marsupial
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nourishing their young in an external pouch
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monotreme
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mammals that lay eggs like their reptilian ancestors
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keratin
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, the same protein that helps form mammalian hair, also forms fingernails, claws, horns, and hooves, in various species of mammals.
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peritoneal membrane
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encloses the large coelom which holds the internal organs
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cloaca
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the common chamber into which the intestinal and urogenital tracts discharge especially in monotreme mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and elasmobranch fishes
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