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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 DOMAINS of life
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bacteria
archaea eukarya |
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6 KINGDOMS of life
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bacteria
archaea eukarya animalia plantae fungi |
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# of species now named
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1.4 million
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similarities used to classify organisms
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physical
physiological behavioral |
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taxonomy
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description, naming, classification of living organisms
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taxon
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rank if classification
collection of related organisms |
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Dear
King Phillip Crossed Over From Greece Saturday |
Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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phylogeny
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evolutionary history
lineage |
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cladistic analysis
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uses taxons as a branch of tree of life
current method of classification |
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synapomorphies
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shared derived characteristics
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prebiotic evolution
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evolution of complex networks of organic compounds before the origin of life
mixed water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen |
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spontaneous generation
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life is an innate property of organic matter
----disproved by Redi's "cover the meat" experiment |
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Miller/ Urey Experiment
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• Mixed water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen (primordial reducing atmosphere)
• Passed electric sparks through the mixture • Resulted in amino acids |
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panspermia
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theory
life was seeded on earth and other planets from outer space ---Anaxagoras -----"directed"- aliens |
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chain of being
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shows the fixed plan behind nature- man at top
species in a linear sequence "ladder of nature" Aristotle |
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argument from design
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all of nature is designed in accord with a predetermined, benevolent and supernatural DIVINE PLAN
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John Ray
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--started Natural Theology philosophical school
--wrote Wisdom of God and Creation --"everything is perfectly adapted to its way of life by the creator" |
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William Paley
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--wrote Natural Theology- borrowed from Ray
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tNatural Theology
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---creator is a watchmaker
---species were specially created and never change school of thought by John Ray Book by William Paley |
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Linnaeus
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--classified plants by reproductive structure
--swedish botanist -- developed classification system through (class order genus species) and binomial nomenclature (latin name) --believed species were fixed |
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System of Hybridization
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new species must be hybrids of existing species
--ignored adaptation --Linnaeus |
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Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de BUFFON
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Histoire Naturelle-
--animals formed from an internal mold --common ancestor --ancestor was made by a creator --------BIOGEOGRAPHY --------ENVIRONMENT SHAPES NATURE OF ANIMALS |
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Theory of Degeneration
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(Buffon)
--new species were a degenerate version of the created species --species wandered and were effected by environment |
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Jean Baptiste de LAMARCK
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--believed organisms were shaped by environment----could evolve!
--protoge of Buffon --theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics --coined "invertebrate" & "biology" --evolution was predetermined & progressive --nature follows a branch scheme |
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theory of Organic Progression
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(Lamarck)
organisms change along fixed and parallel paths |
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Naturalists before Darwin viewed evolution as the unfolding of a predetermined supernatural plan
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Biodiversity and adaptation reflected the divine plan behind nature
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Robert Chambers
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--Vestiges of Natural History of
Creation --System of Linear Development -------evolution was continuous and gradual --man descended from lower animals |
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System of Linear Development
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(Chambers)
--evolution was continuous and gradual |
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Charles Darwin
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--rejected divine plan
--eliminated Argument from Design and Chain of Being --believed adaptation resulted from ordinary laws of nature- w/o help of god |
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Robert Fitzroy
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--Captain of the H.M.S. Beagle
--gentleman --strict, religious, moody |
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H.M.S. Beagle
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--boat going to South America in 1831
--Galapagos 1835 |
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Origin of Species
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Darwin (1859)
--contained theory of evolution by natural selection |
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Alred Russell Wallace
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--almost published the same theory of evolution as Darwin
--Darwin edged him out |
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Thomas Malthus
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Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
---disagreed with utopian ideals --liberal education --minister --population would increase geometrically but resources only arithmetically |
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struggle for existence
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Malthus
--gap between the large population and the insufficient food supply --influenced Darwins survival of the fittest |
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Survival of the fittest
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Darwin
--there are winners and losers in nature --------those better equipped to survive --evolution related to variation ---------species=groups of individuals |
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natural selection
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Darwin
--evolution is a selective process -----selects the well adapted individuals who will produce more offspring |
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Thomas Huxley
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--"darwin's bulldog"
--coined agnosticism --saw evolution as 2 edged sword --STARTED NATURE ------X-Club of Darwin supporters |
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Darwin's bulldog
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Thomas Huxley
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Gregor Mendel
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--Discovered the mechanism of hereditary
--DARWIN SHOULDVE SEEN IT but didnt --------published in an obscure journal --became abbot --DISCONTINUOUS variation -- heredity was particulate -----------came in pairs |
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Theodosius Dobzhansky
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Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937)
---formulated the modern synthesis that fused field biology and population genetics ---speciation ---isolating mechanisms prevented interbreeding |
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biological species concept
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species are populations of similar organisms that can interbreed with one another but are reproductively isolated from other populations by one of more isolating mechanisms
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evolution
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change in gene frequency over time (differential reproduction)
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