Ebio 101 Exam 1

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Evolution of complex networks of organic compounds before the origin of life,

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Prebiotic Evolution

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Life is a property of innate organic matter and will spontaneously arise from it, idea originated with Epicurius, made popular by Lucretius, revived by Joseph Needham in the 18th century- gravy=microorganisms

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Spontaneous Generation

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1953, modeled Earth’s primordial atmosphere in the lab, a. Mixed primordial ooze, passed spark through it, amino acids (building blocks of life) spontaneously appeared

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Miller-Urey Experiment

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the idea that life was seeded on Earth and other planets from outer space, idea originated with Greek philosopher Anaxagoras

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Panspermia

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Species can be arranged in a linear sequence, like links in a chain with man at the top

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Chain of Being

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All of nature is designed in accord with a predetermined, benevolent, and supernatural plan, Nature designed by Creator to instruct and guide mankind, Nature is like a giant jigsaw puzzle

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Argument from Design

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Started the school of Natural Theology, Wrote The Wisdom of God in Creation

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John Ray

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revived Natural Theology in the 19th century, Wrote Natural Theology, greatly influenced by Charles Darwin, viewed Creator as master gardener or cosmic watchmaker

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William Paley

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The idea that every living thing is perfectly adapted to its way of life, form and function fit together because they were designed by an all-knowing deity

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Natural Theology

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Invented Binomial Nomenclature, System of Hybridization, Wrote Systema Natura, Believed that species were distinct and fixed types and could not change

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Carolus Linnaeus

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The idea that new species must be hybrids of already existing species, ignored adaptation of species to changing conditions

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System of Hybridization

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Theorized that animals had formed from an internalized mold and new species were simply a degeneration of their ancestor, wrote Histoire Naturelle, a 44 volume encyclopedia, came up with theory of Degeneration

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Georges Comte de Buffon

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the idea that new species were simply a degenerate version of an already existing species, ancestral types created, then the species wandered to different places, invisible organic particles caused change

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Theory of Degeneration

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Best known for his theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, Believed that organisms were shaped by their environment and could evolve, Buffon's protege

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Jeane Baptiste de Lamarck

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Once generated, organisms changed along fixed and parallel paths, proposed by Jeane Baptiste de Lamarcke

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Theory of Organic Progression

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caused a scandal because his theory proposed that man was descended from lower creatures, clung to Argument from Design, thought that evolution was gradual and continuous, wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

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Robert Chambers

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A theory heavily influenced by Lamarck that claimed that man was descended from lower creatures, Proposed by Robert Chambers

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System of Linear Development

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Wrote the Origin of Species, came up with modern day view of evolution, most important thinker in history of natural evolution

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Charles Darwin

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Captain of the H.M.S. Beagle Darwin first set sail upon

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Robert Fitzroy

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Ship Darwin sailed on during his exploration of South America leading him to his theory of evolution

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H.M.S. Beagle

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Book written by Charles Darwin that outlines his theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

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Origin of Species

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A naturalist who was about to publish a theory outlining the exact same principles as Darwin’s at the same time, even with the same name, but Darwin beat him to it

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Alfred Russell Wallace

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Wrote the Essay on the Principle of Population, heavily influenced Darwin’s thinking, thought that nature showed that progress is only possible with enormous suffering and sacrifice of life

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Thomas Malthus

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Idea proposed by Thomas Malthus that in nature population would increase geometrically but resources would increase arithmetically

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Struggle for Existence

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term coined by Herbert Spencer that applied Malthus’ concept of Struggle for Existence and said the winners of a struggle would be those better equipped to survive

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Survival of the Fittest

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A selective process of evolution, what Darwin described as welll adapted individuals having more offspring than others and passing on their variation to the next generation

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Natural Selection

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Took up Darwin’s research when he died, founded the X Club (Secret Club of Darwin supporters), coined the term agnosticism, started the journal Nature

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Thomas Huxley

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Nickname given to Thomas Huxley after he took up Darwin’s work

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Darwin's Bulldog

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Experimented with garden peas, discovered the mechanism of heredity,

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Gregor Mendel

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Wrote Genetics and the Origin of Species, Made biologists realize the importance of how genes pass through natural populations

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Theodosius Dobzhansky

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Species being isolated by parent population through geographic boundaries, over generations of interbreeding can no longer mate with parent population

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Geographic Isolation

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The idea that heredity is like mixing paint, and that an offspring will express either the exact traits of one of the parents or a mix of the two

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Blended Heredity

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Tiny particles within the body that Darwin believed carried the information of heredity. These particles floated in the body and carried the information to make each body part, and during sex they went to the reproductive organs to produce Blended Heredity

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Gemmules

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Different versions of the same genes

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Allele

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The allele that masks the effect of the weaker allele

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Dominant Allele

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Alleles that are masked by the effects of a stronger allele

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Recessive Allele

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Having two alleles of different type

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Heterozygous

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Having two alleles of the same type

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Homozygous

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Changes in genetic information

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Mutation

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Formation of new species

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Speciation

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Species are populations of similar organisms that can interbreed with one another, but are reproductively isolated from other such populations by one or more isolating mechanisms

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Biological Species Concept

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Chromosomes that contain the same genes at the same loci

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Homologous Chromosomes

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a complete strand of DNA, a sequence of genes, two of them in a chromosome, fastened in the center

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chromatid

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Sequence of three nucleotides

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Codon

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Law stating that the inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect the inheritance pattern of another

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Independent Assortment

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When a genetic pool develops variation in a population and two or more phenotypes occur

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Genetic Polymorphism

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The theory that if large populations mate randomly, the proportion of two alleles will never change

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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When you are with one partner, one after another

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serial monogamy

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Many partners

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Polygamy

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One male, many females

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polygyny

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One female, many males

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polyandry