Ebio 101

Front 1

List at least 4 characteristics all multicellular organism share as set of evolutionary problems.

Back 1

•Find and digest food
•Find a mate and reproduce
•Avoid being eaten while doing 1 and 2
•Maintain balance with fluids and salts
•Circulate nutrients
•Remove waste products

Front 2

What are the modes of existence of multicellular organisms?

Back 2

Sessile
Motile
Aquatic
Terrestrial
Small
Large

Front 3

Sessile organisms have a very special characteristic. What is it? Give an example of this type of animal

Back 3

Radially Symetric.
jellyfish in their early stage are sessile.
Corals are sessile

Front 4

What mode of organism has become a filter feeder, defends itself with stinging cells, rely on external fertilization, are hermaphroditic, and have a motile larval stage?

Back 4

Sessile organisms

Front 5

This is a physica characterisitc motile organisms tend to have.

Back 5

Bilaterally symetric

Front 6

This mode of organisms is:
•More efficient shape for moving through the environment (especially in water)
•Actively seek out food and mates
•Run away from predators
What is it?

Back 6

Motile animals

Front 7

Do animals in motion have a specific direction?

Back 7

Yes they do have.

Front 8

This group of animals have sense organs right up front.

Back 8

Motile animals have this characteristic too.

Front 9

This mode of animals have brain, head and central nervous system.

Back 9

Motile animals have this characteristics respect their nervous system.

Front 10

What are some problems of animals that evolved from water to land?

Back 10

This is a problem from that type of evolution.
•Required a radically different set of evolutionary adaptations to make that first step onto dry land

•Desiccation
•Gravity
•Excretion

Front 11

From water to land animals solved the following problems, how did they address each of them?• Tissues dry out
• Need moisture to exchange gases
• Gametes dry out, can no longer rely on external fertilization in water
• Embryos dry out

Back 11

• Develop a protective layer of epidermal cells – evolve a skin
• Keep respiratory surfaces on the inside
• Internal fertilization
• Amniotic egg, seed

Front 12

How did animals solve the gravity problem on land?

Back 12

they solved this problem by having a endoskeleton or exoskeleton

Front 13

The problem of excretion brought the loss of essential salts, how did animals solve this problem?

Back 13

Using simple tubes called NEPHRIDIA

Front 14

How did animals solve these problems?
•Larger animals have more volume relative to their surface area
•Some cells or tissues will be far away from the outside surface
•Diffusion will not be fast enough to move food, gases wastes to and from inner cells

Back 14

•Fold the digestive, respiratory, and excretory surfaces to increase surface area
•Be very thin or very flat
•Develop a vascular system – tubes to carry materials back and forth
•Develop a coelom – hollow fluid-filled core

Front 15

These are four characteristic kingom animalia share.

Back 15

This kigdom shares this characteristics.

• Heterotrophic
• Diploid
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular

Front 16

True or false

Are all animals in kingdom animalia motile at some stage in life cycle?

Back 16

TRUE

Front 17

What is opisthokonta?

Back 17

Kingdoms and phylums that share a common ancestor.

> Phylum Choanoflagellata
> Kingdom Fungi
> Kingdom Animalia

Front 18

What are characteristics of phylum choanoflagelatta?

Back 18

These are the characteristics of this phylum
free-living unicellular
colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals.

• These curious organisms are usually placed in the Kingdom Protista
• They are identical to the feeding cells of the common sponge (more later)

Front 19

Why is Coloniality is an essential evolutionary step

Back 19

This step is the gap between unicellular protists and multicellular animals

Because they show :
> specialization of cells
> division of labor
> communication between cells

Front 20

what is parazoa?

Back 20

It is a subkingdom that has Sponges, Placozoa
ancestral subkingdom of animals, literally translated as "beside the animals". They differ from their choanoflagellate ancestors in that they are macroscopic and have differentiated cells

Front 21

This is eumatozoa:

Back 21

It is a kingdom where animals
> Have cells organized into tissues, organs
> Share a common pattern of development
> Have some type of symmetry
– Radial symmetry
– Bilateral symmetry
– Have cells organized into tissues, organs

This subkingdom major animal groups except sponges

Front 22

Endoderm

Back 22

Type of embryonic tissue.
“skin within”, forms gut, internal organs

Front 23

> Mesoderm

Back 23

Type of embryonic tissue.
“skin in the middle”, forms skeleton and muscles

Front 24

> Ectoderm

Back 24

Type of embryonic tissue.
“the skin outside”, formsepidermis, nervous system

Front 25

> Acoelomate

Back 25

– Body lacks a coelom, solid except for crude internal “pouch” or GVC (gastrovascular cavity)

flatworms

Front 26

> Pseudocoelomate

Back 26

Coelom is actually a fluid-filled remnant of the blastocoel

roundworms, rotifers

Front 27

This is a Coelom

Back 27

Cavity filled with a fluid formed within the mesoderm

This innovation opened up many new possibilities for the evolution of animals

Front 28

> Coelomate

Back 28

(eucoelomate)
– Coelom is formed from the mesoderm, and lined by mesodermal membranes (the peritoneum)

Front 29

Are all coelomates Protostomes or Deuterostomes?

Back 29

Yes they are either Protostomes or Deuterostomes

Front 30

These are examples of protostomes

Back 30

annelids, mollusks, arthropods

Front 31

These are examples of Deuterostomes

Back 31

echinoderms, chordates

Front 32

Give an example of an organism in the Phylum porifera

Back 32

Spores are an example of this phylum

Front 33

• Amoebocytes

Back 33

These are cells in the phylum porifera that
> Digest, transport, and store food
> Transport sperm to the eggs
> Secrete spicules (= “skeleton”)

Front 34

• Spicules

Back 34

These are cells in the phylum porifera that
> Help sponges keep their shape
> Used by taxonomists to classify sponges

Front 35

• Choanocytes

Back 35

These are cells in the phylum porifera that

Feeding cells
> Joint action of choanocyte flagella moves water through the sponge
> Delivers food, oxygen, gametes
> Carries off wastes (mostly ammonia)

Front 36

• Choanocytes feed by what process?

Back 36

by phagocytosis these type of cells feed

Front 37

Fragmentation

Back 37

Asexual reproduction that occurs in sponges

Front 38

This is the most important function of Amoebocytes

Back 38

This cells transport sperm to the eggs in spores

Front 39

Asconoid

Back 39

This is very small type of sponge, flagella can move water through the spongocoel

Front 40

Syconoid –

Back 40

This is small type of sponge, with radial canals, extra surface area for more choanocytes

Front 41

• Leuconoid

Back 41

This is big type of sponge – all large sponges

Front 42

what is parazoa mean?

Back 42

It is a subkingdom, it means "animals set aside". It includes principally sponges

Front 43

Radiata

Back 43

• Radially symmetric animals

Front 44

These organisms are from Phylum Cnidaria

Back 44

These organisms belong to one phylum
hydrozoans, coral, anemones

Front 45

These organisms are from Phylum Ctenophora

Back 45

comb jellies

Front 46

first truly mobile creatures

Back 46

Cnidarians

Front 47

mesoglea means

Back 47

(“jelly in the middle”), it is a characteritic of cnidarians

Front 48

What does GVC mean?

Back 48

gastrovascular cavity
Most primitive animals with a body cavity

Front 49

cnidocytes are

Back 49

• Stinging cells in cnidarians

Front 50

nematocysts

Back 50

individual cells usually on the outer surface of the organism which have a variety of functions, most usually in defence or capture of prey species. These cells are known as stinging cells sometimes used to inject toxins which in some cases are toxic to man.

Front 51

planula larva

Back 51

Is a stage of within the sexual reproduction cycle of cnidarians

Front 52

ephyra

Back 52

Stage in Sexual reproduction of cnidarians where Polyps bud off tiny
medusae

Front 53

It is a colonial form Portuguese Man of War, bell is dead medusa, inflated by numerous individual polyps hanging beneath

Back 53

Physalia

Front 54

Hydra, Obelia, Physalia belong to class ____

Back 54

Hydrozoa, within phylum cnidaria

Front 55

true jellyfish, Aurelia belong to class _______

Back 55

Scyphozoa, within phylum cnidaria

Front 56

coral, sea anemones belong to the class ________

Back 56

Anthozoa
within phylum cnidaria

Front 57

sea wasps belong to class ________

Back 57

Cubozoa

Front 58

_________ is usually called the inmortal serpent, new cells arise at top, shift to bottom where they die and fall off

Back 58

Hydra

Front 59

______ means drinking cup in latin for this type of cnidarians

Back 59

Scyphozoa

Front 60

___________ means in latin, flower, these guys are from phylum cnidaria

Back 60

Anthozoa

Front 61

What is the importance of phylum cniadria

Back 61

• Colonial forms form vast coral reefs of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)
• Coral reefs are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth

• Reefs support commercial fisheries around the world
• Reef fish and invertebrates are harvested for the aquarium pet trade

Front 62

________ are Among the deadliest animals on Earth!!

Back 62

Sea wasps
class cubozoa

Front 63

What are the differences between Phylum Coelentrata and phylum cnidaria?

Back 63

> Simpler life cycle
> Lack nematocysts, capture prey with sticky cells on two long tentacles

Front 64

Flatworms, Flukes, Tapeworms are from phylum _______

Back 64

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Front 65

____________ refers to animals that molt

Back 65

> Ecdysozoa

Front 66

_______ is the word to refer to no body cavity at all. Organs have direct contact with the epithelium. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place.

Back 66

acoelomate

Front 67

Phylum __________, represent Most primitive animal with all three germ tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Back 67

Phylum Platyhelminthes – Flatworms

Front 68

Animals from phylum ___________, • First animals with true organs - ovaries, testes etc.
were the First animals with true systems - digestive system, excretory system

Back 68

Phylum Platyhelminthes – Flatworms

Front 69

Animals from phylum _________, share these important characteristics

• Complex excretory system
> Excrete ammonia by diffusion
> Water and other wastes pass through simple tubes called protonephridia
> Specialized cells called flame cells drive fluid through the protonephridia

• Complex nervous system
> Two lateral nerve cords
> Rudimentary “brain” (cerebral ganglion)

• Primitive sense organs
> Auricles - ear-like projections, sensitive to chemicals and touch
> Statocysts - cup shaped pit lined with sensitive hairs, bent by tiny weights
> Eye spots - shallow pits lined with light-sensitive cells

Back 69

Platyhelminthes – Flatworms

Front 70

_____________ is the way many flatworms copulate

Back 70

hypodermic injection

Front 71

flukes and tapeworms, are parasitic forms of _________

Back 71

Platyhelminthes – Flatworms

Front 72

flatworms belong to the class _______, of the phylum Platyhelminthes

Back 72

Turbellaria

Front 73

flukes belong to the class _______, of the phylum Platyhelminthes

Back 73

Trematoda

Front 74

Tapeworms belong to the class _________, from the phylum Platyhelminthes

Back 74

Cestoda

Front 75

Flukes from class __________ and phylum Platyhelminthes -, are > Ectoparasites of fish
> Simple life cycles (no intermediate host)
> Attaches with hooks, suckers, spines, or clamps at anterior end

Back 75

Monogenea

Front 76

Class _________ an phylum platyhelminthes, are Endoparasites of many vertebrates
> Complex life cycles with intermediate hosts
• Highly modified parasitic flatworms

• One or two large suckers to attach to host
• Extra tough epithelium to resist digestion by their host’s enzymes
• Intricate life cycles with multiple hosts

Back 76

Class Trematoda

Front 77

__________ parasites are Highly modified head (scolex) with small barbs to hang on to intestinal walls of host

Back 77

Class Cestoda - tapeworms

Front 78

__________ Probably evolved from primitive flatworms

Back 78

Phylum Rotifera

Front 79

Clams, Snails, Octopi belong to phylum ________

Back 79

Mollusca

Front 80

Trochozoans are united by their shared larval form called __________.

Back 80

the trochophore larva

Front 81

Mollusks use a Scraping tongue called _________

Back 81

radula

Front 82

bivalves (clams) belong to class __________.

Back 82

bivalvia

Front 83

chitons, or in spanish cucarachas de mar belong to class ________ in phylum mollusca.

Back 83

Polyplacophora

Front 84

snails belong to class _________ in phylum mollusca

Back 84

Gastropoda

Front 85

octopus and squid _________ in phylum mollusca

Back 85

Cephalopoda

Front 86

__________ class, are Most primitive group of mollusks

Back 86

Polyplacophora

Front 87

the following characteristics decribe the class ________:
• Sedentary filter feeders (lacks a radula)
• Incurrent siphon brings in oxygen, food
• Excurrent siphon carries off wastes, gametes (bivalves are hermaphrodites)
• Bury in sand, breathe & eat through siphons

• Mucus on gills trap particles of food
• Cilia move food to labial palps
• Labial palps move food to mouth
• Gills used in both feeding and respiration

Back 87

bivalvia

Front 88

______________ have these characteristics
• Feed on fish, crustaceans, other mollusks

• Formed from ancestral mollusk by extending dorsal surface to become the head, ventral foot becomes posterior foot
• Muscular foot becomes divided into tentacles, 8 in octopus, ten in squid

• Only mollusks with a closed circulatory system (active predators)

Back 88

Class Cephalopoda

• 700 species - octopus, squid, ammonites

Front 89

________ are the most intelligent invertebrates, can solve simple puzzles

Back 89

octopi

Front 90

Polychaetes, Earthworms, Leeches belong to phylum __________.

Back 90

Annelida

Front 91

Each segment (or metamere) in Annelids is separated by cross walls in called ______

Back 91

septae

Front 92

__________ have • Closed circulatory system
• Respiration via diffusion, though many aquatic forms have gills
• Excretion by nephridia, one pair/segment

• Well-developed nervous system
• Brain consists of several ganglia

• Smaller ganglia, along paired ventral nerve cord, control each segment
• Segments contract individually in waves
• Eyes, statocysts, and chemoreceptors

Back 92

Annelids

Front 93

paddle worms are from the class _______ in phylum annelida

Back 93

Class Polychaeta

Front 94

earthworms belong to class__________- in phylum annelida.

Back 94

Oligochaeta

Front 95

leeches belong to class__________- in phylum annelida.

Back 95

Class Hirudinea

Front 96

Class ________ include tube worms, fan worms, paddle worms, Nereis
They have bristles (little spines) and belong to class annelida.

Back 96

Polychaeta

Front 97

• Each segment has a pair of paddle-like appendages called _______

Back 97

parapodia

Front 98

animals from class _____ Live in soil and in bottom sediments of fresh water habitats.They are part of phylum annelida.

Back 98

Oligochaeta

Front 99

________ series of segments swollen by large mucus glands in earthworms

Back 99

Clitellum
The also secrete mucus to hold worms together while they mate

Front 100

From phylum annelida, class _________ share this characteristics:
• Most modified as parasites, some are scavengers or predators, feeding on worms, snails, insects
• 75% of species suck blood from mammals or crustaceans

• Common in fresh water habitats, a few species are marine or terrestrial
• Can be abundant - one stream in Illinois had 10,000 leeches/m2 !!

• Highly modified as parasites
• Store blood meal in special pouches on the digestive tract
• Leeches suck up to 5 to 10 times their own weight in blood each time they feed

• Anterior and posterior sucker, attach to host
• Suckers also help them crawl across the bottom

Back 100

Hirudinea

Front 101

These characterisitcs describe organisms from phylum _____________.

• Most are tiny (~ 1 mm), but Ascaris can reach 50 cm. (~ 20 inches)

• Round, bilaterally symmetric
• Pseudocoelomate (most pseudocoels are ecdysozoans)
• Mainly aquatic
• Usually molt four times during their lives


• Carnivores and parasites
• Lack circular muscles, use longtitudinal muscles so thrash wildly about

• Interstitial habitat important (on land and in the sea) - life between the grains of soil…
• Because grains of soil are often covered with thin film of water, even terrestrial worms are basically aquatic

• Streamlined roundworm shape is an adaptation for moving through the soil
• Tough cuticle (non-living outer layer) resists abrasion, rings provide grip on surfaces to help burrow
• Thrashing motion due to lack of circular muscles is a great adaptation for wriggling between grains of sand

• Excrete ammonia by diffusion
• Exchange gases by diffusion
• Primitive nervous system - nerve ring for brain, dorsal and ventral nerve cords
• Bristles and other structures for primitive mechanical and chemical senses

• Primarily a disease of poor rural areas
• Enters through the soles of the feet, especially the skin between the toes

Back 101

Phylum Nematoda