Eayh Final Exam

Front 1

Agents

Back 1

Natural: bio, phys, chem
Man Made: chem, phys

Front 2

Vectors

Back 2

air, water, food, soil

Front 3

Exposure

Back 3

inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption

Front 4

Health Effects

Back 4

dose to target, susceptibility, effect continuum

Front 5

Toxicokinetics. Whats End Result? and what are the elements?

Back 5

how the body handles the toxicant
end result: biologically effective dose
elements: absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion

Front 6

Toxicodynamics

Back 6

The effects of the toxicant on the body
Result of the interaction between the biologically effective dose and a molecular target

Front 7

Internal dose

Back 7

The amount of agent that enters the body

Front 8

Health Event: London and Donora

Back 8

Air pollution: Smog

Front 9

Health Event: Minimata Bay, Japan

Back 9

Methyl Mercury

Front 10

Health Event: Iraq

Back 10

Bread contamination

Front 11

Health Event: Seveso, Italy

Back 11

TCDD Leak

Front 12

Health Event: Bhopal

Back 12

Pesticide Release

Front 13

Health Event: Chernobyl

Back 13

Nuclear reactor incident

Front 14

Health Event: Milwaukee

Back 14

Contamination of drinking water

Front 15

Health Event: Gulf

Back 15

Oil Spill

Front 16

Health Event: Fukushima

Back 16

Nuclear reactor incident

Front 17

Clean Air Act

Back 17

Air-Outdoor Air
Everyone should have same degree of protection
Uniform national standards
Has been effective

Front 18

Clean Water Act

Back 18

Formed as a result of Cuyahoga river fire in cleveland
*make all waters fishable and swimmable*
2 major parts:
1: regulatory provisions consisting of increasingly stringent requirements on industries and cities in order to meet statutory goal of 0 discharge of pollutants
2: provisions that authorize federal financial assistance of municipal water treatment construction

Front 19

Safe drinking water act

Back 19

authorizes EPA to set legally enforceable standards to protect against contaminants that may be found in drinking water
applies to every public eater system

Front 20

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Back 20

Land
Defines which wastes are hazardous
Set standards for hazardous waste facilities and issues operating licenses

Front 21

CERCLA (Superfund)

Back 21

Land
established a national priority list for expenditure of Superfund cleanup dollars

Front 22

(4) Factors that make environmental diseases difficult to identify

Back 22

1: Latency: Incubation period
2: Multi-factorial etiology: many causes
3: Disease non-specificity: symtoms that are common for a lot of diseases
4: Mixed exposures

Front 23

Risk Analysis Components

Back 23

Risk Assessment
Risk management
Risk Communication

Front 24

Hazard

Back 24

Threat to human health or the environment

Front 25

Risk, formula too

Back 25

Probability that a given hazard will cause harm
Hazard x probability of exposure x perception

Front 26

Safety

Back 26

freedom from risk

Front 27

Risk Assessment (3 components)

Back 27

Def: systematic characterization of potential adverse health effects resulting from human exposure to hazardous agents

3 components:
1: Hazard ID
2: Dose Response
3: Exposure Assessment

Front 28

Hazard Identification; Sources and Magnitude of Uncertainty

Back 28

Part of risk assessment
Def: Identifying chemical, physical or biological agents that may cause adverse effects

Sources:
Human epi and clinical studies
animal data

Magnitude of uncertainty:
Animal data (sensitivity of animals vs humans)
Negative epi studies

Front 29

Dose Response; Sources and Magnitude of uncertainty

Back 29

Part of risk assessment
Def: at what dose are adverse effects observed in humans

Sources:
Quantitative toxicity data

Magnitude of Uncertainty:
Human Variability
Extrapolation of animal to human

Front 30

Exposure Assessment; Sources, Magnitude of Uncertainty

Back 30

Part of Risk Assessment
Def: what exposures are experienced or anticipated under different conditions

Sources: ?

Magnitude of uncertainty
Modeling vs ambient (surroundings)
Monitoring vs biological monitoring

Front 31

Risk Management

Back 31

Component of Risk Analysis

Def: the process of weighing intervention alternatives and selecting the most appropriate action based on the results of risk assessment and social, economic and political concerns

Front 32

Risk Communication

Back 32

Components of Risk Analysis

Def: the process of making risk assessment and risk management info comprehensible to lawyers, politicians, judges and public etc

Front 33

Carrying Capacity

Back 33

the maximum number of organisms that a habitat can support and sustain without degrading the environment

Front 34

Overpopulation

Back 34

when the carrying capacity is exceeded, resulting in a degradation of the environment followed by a population decline

Front 35

Sustainable development

Back 35

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Front 36

Environmental Impact Model

Back 36

I=PxAxT

P=population
A=Affluence
T= technology

Growth in environmental impact=growth in population x growth in affluence x growth in technology

Affluence and technology make up consumptions

Front 37

Principal Determinants of Health

Back 37

Population
Pollution
Poverty

Front 38

Environmental Risk Transition

Back 38

Changes in environmental risks that happen as a consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world

Front 39

Epidemiologic Risk Transition

Back 39

Chronic, degenerative disease including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and injuries. These conditions are becoming the major causes of disability and premature death in many nations