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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
One of the adaptation necessary for the evolution of tall vascular plants was
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an effective water-conducting system
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Xylem and phloem are found in all land plants except
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mosses
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what is the main advantage of of a plant's having root hairs
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to increase the surface area of roots
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the purpose of a transport system is to
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carry nutrients to cells and waste products away from cells
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in order for land plants to obtain gases for photosynthesis and cell respiration, land plantrs mus have
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stomata
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the movement of water through xylem tissue
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is all passive transport
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plants with mycorrhizae on their roots systems
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have an enhanced method for obtaining nutrients
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which of the following explains how water and its dissolved nutrients reach the top of a 100-meter-tall tree
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the cohesion-tension hypothesis
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which of these is not a factor in the cohesion-tension theory
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root pressure
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the movement of food from the leavevs to the roots is explained by
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pressure-flow hypothesis
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to produce an upward movements of wat in xylem
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water must evaporate from the top
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according to the cohesion-tension theory of water transport, if a tall 100-meter-tall tree were to have water flow, it would require
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a continuous column of water 100 meters high
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what plant structures carries water
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xylem
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how does water escape from plants with xylem
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stomata in the leaves
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the phloem cell in stems transport
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food down to the roots
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an insect's digested nutrients are transported by
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an open circulatory system
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the concentraion of nutrients in the fluid traveleing away from the hear is different from the concentration in teh fluid returning to the heart. this statement is a reasonable description of
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a closed circulatory system
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hydras lack a special transport system and grasshoppers cannot survive without one, because
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diffusion can supply the cells of hydras with essential materials
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many capillaries are found
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throughout all organs
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the blood vessels through which oxygen rapidly diffuses are the
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capillaries
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in a four-chambered heart, separation of blood from the lungs and blood from the rest of the body increases efficiency of
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the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, body cells, and lungs
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an artery comes from the
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bottom right part of the heart
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ventricles are at the
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bottom of the heart
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a disadvantage of a three-chambered heart is that
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oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix
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what maintains the heart's regular rhythm
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pacemaker
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the walls of arteries are more elastic and muscular than the walls of veins, which allows arteries to
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withstand the pressure of each blood surge from the heart
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which of theses is a characteristic of veins, not of arteries
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valves
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the hemoglobin of red blood cells greatly incereases the blood's
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oxygen-carrying capacity
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food molecules absorbed from the intestine of an animal are carried throughtout the body by
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the fluid of the circulatory system
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a person having a low red blood cell count will have fifficulty
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transporting oxygen to cells
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a doctor orders a blood test to check for abnormal chemicals in the blood. if present, in which part of the blood would the chemicals be found
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plasma
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the lymphatic systems gathers intercellulars fluid that was originally in teh
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capillaries
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lymph fluid contains
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white blood cells, water, and salts
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much of the fluid that leaks into bodytissues returns to the circulatory system via
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lymph vessels
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the elements in blood responsible for clotting are
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platelets
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the protein in blood taht forms a blood clot is
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fibrin
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which is not a function of the circulatory system
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releasing enzymes for food digestion
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the human circulatory system aids in maintaining homeostasis by
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transporting nutrients, wastes, and hormones
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in eukaryotic multicellular organisms, cell division serves all of these purposes except
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reproduction of new individuals
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when does a prokaryote's membrane pinch inward and divide the cell in two
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when the cellvolume has doubled
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prokaryotic cell dicision is referred to as
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binary fission
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which functions are served by cell division
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it allows surface area to keep up with growing volume of an organism, replaces cells that wear out or are damaged, produces many types of cells that serve a variety of functions
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eukaryotic cell division requires
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accurate replication and equal division of the genetic information encoded in the cell's DNA
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which of the following statements is true
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the cell cycle is similar in all eukaryotes
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the phase of the cell cycle involving sorting and distribution of chromosomes is
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M
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interphase is
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the period between cell divisions
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during G1 and G2, cell synthesize
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proteins, RNA, and other macromolecules
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the G0 phase of the cell cycle is
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a stopping point is G1
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adult cells that do not, or rarely, divide will be found primarily in what phase of the cellcycle
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G0
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using a light microscope, you can most easily recognize chromosomes in what phase of the cell cycle
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M
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division of the whole eukaryotic cell is called
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cytokinesis
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when a cell with 24 chromosomes during G1 phase divides by mitotic cell division, t he resulting offspring cells will each have a maximum chromosome number of
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24
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after normal mitotic division, how many chromosomes does each offspring cell contain, as compared to the parent cell
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the same number
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in order for a substance to act as a carrier of hereditary information, it must be
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precisely copied during the cell cycle
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in eukaryotic cells, when does chromosome replication occur
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during interphase
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DNA is replicated during which phase of the cell cycle
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S
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adult nerve cells stay in the G0 phase, this means they
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do not divide
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a scientist was collecting data about the number of chromosomes that a certain organis had. most of the skin cells that he examined had a certain amount of chromosomal material, but he found some skin cells with double the chromosomal material. what might be the explanation for these findings
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some skin cells werer in the G2 phase
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a graduate student was told to use a light microscope to count the number of chromosomes in the cells of a newly discovered species. what phase of the cell cycle would the student have to investigate
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M
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the backbone of DNA in compose of
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sugars linked through phosphates
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synthesis of DNA
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involves enzymes that bind to the DNA
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watson and crick describeed the DNA molecule asa a
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double-stranded molecule
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how does the sequence of basaes on one strand of DNA control the sequence of bases on the second strand
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adenine on one strand can pair only with thymine on the oter strand; cytosine, only with guanine
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why does adenine paironly with thymine and cytosine only with guanine in a DNA molecule
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their molecular shape deterines how they are paired
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DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA strands. During what phase of the cell cycle would a researcher be able to investigate the activity of this enzyme
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S
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why are the new bases of the two DNA strands added in opposite directions during replication
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the DNA polymerases can work only in one direction
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the replication of a double-stranded DNA molecule begins when the strands separate at the
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hydrogen bonds between paired nulceotides
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histones are
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nuclear proteins
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what is the function of "proofreader" enzymes
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they identify and repair incoorect or damaged nucleotides
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Why is theDNA repair sequence important to an organism's survival
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it reduces the number of mutations that are copied
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mutations
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involve any change in the sequence of a cell's DNA
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which molecule acts as proofreader during dNA replication
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DNA polymerase
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structures that hold sister chromatids together in double-stranded chromosomes are known as
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centromeres
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each strand of double-stranded chromosome is known as a
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chromatid
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a cell with 8 chomosomes before mitosis will produce new cells that have
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8 chromosomes
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the process of mitosis ensures
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euqal division of nuclear material
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in mitosis, breakdwon of the nuclear membrane occurs in
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prophase
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a mitotic spindle is formed from
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microtubules
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in mitotosis, separation of sister chromatids occurs during
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anaphase
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prograssion trhough teh cell cycle is regulated by
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cyclins
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a gemete contains
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a half set of chromosomes
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a sygote begins to develop jst after
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fertilization
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the fertilized egg is a single cell that contains
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chromosomes from both egg and sperm
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the multiple rounds of mitosis that produce many small cells is called
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cleavage
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by the end of cleavage, the embryo consists of a mass of cells called
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blastula
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the inner lining of the digestive system forms from this (these) tissue layer(s)
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endoderm
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your skin and nails form from this (these) tissue layer(s)
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ectoderm
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mesoderm tissues were placed in a dish with saline solution for 3 hours. the mesoderm was removed, and ectoderm tissues were placed in the dish. Ectoderm was also placed in a second dish containing saline solution. what hypothesis was being tested?
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mesoderm may produce a chemical that induces ectoderm to differentiate
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this stiff rod that runs down the middle of the embryo that will become a part of the backbone is called the
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notochord
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a tadpole transforms into a frog through a process caled
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metamorphosis
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these cells are specialized for transporting oxygen
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red blood cells
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these cells contain a major protein called keratin
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skin cells
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these cells contain a major protein called hemoglobin
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red blood cells
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the three layers that make up the gastrula are called
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primary germ layers
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sex cells, such as the sperm in males and the egg in females, are also called
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gametes
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the blastula forms during this stage
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cell division
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muscle cells, nerve cells, and skin cells result from this process
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cell determination
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cleavage of the fertilized egg occurs during this process
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cell division
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this process noticeable begins at the gastrula stage
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cell determination
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an energy-rich collection of lipids and proteins in the cytoplasm of the egg is called the
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yolk
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as cells differentiate, they organize to form the tissues and organs of complete animals in a process called
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morphogenesis
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the major changes during the development of a blastula into a gastrula are called
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gastrulation
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which of the following processes gererates shape and form in an embryo
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morphogenesis
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the union of sperm and egg is called
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fertilization
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in mammals, nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are exchanged between mother and embryo by the
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placenta
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mammal embryos are attached to the placenta by the
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umbilical cord
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in vertebrates, accidental separation of the two cells that are formed during cleavage results in
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identical twins
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one organ can be transformed into another due to errors in
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homeotic genes
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the hypothesis that states that all cells contain the same genes is the
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genetic-equivalence hypotesis
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a human embryo does not contain a
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large supply of stored food
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an experiment where the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell could demonstrate
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how much the nucleus controls cell development
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to clone sheep, ian wilmut and his colleagues replaced the nucleus of a sheep's egg with the nucleus of a cell from
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a female sheep's udder
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the cloning of a sheep in 1996 was an important experimental result, supporting the
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genetic-equivalence hypothesis
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genes act by directing the synthesis of
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proteins
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which of teh following statements is true
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gene expression is controlled differently in specific cell types
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dna and rna are
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nucleic acids
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dna controls protein synthesis by
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encoding amino acid sequence
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dna controls teh tertiary structure of proteins because dna is directly responsible for
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transcription of rna and amino-acid sequence
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proteins are synthesized from less complex organic molecules known as
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amino acids
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mRNA carries the genetic code of dna because
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the mRNA has a sequence exactly complementary to the dna
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amino acids are required in the human diet principally for the synthesis of
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proteins
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which group of organic compounds includes enzymes
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proteins
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which of the following is not representatice of known types of RNA molecules
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previous RNA (pRNA)
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the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger rna molecule (mRNA) is determined by the sequence
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dna molecule
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the ribosomes of the cell are sites for the synthesis of
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proteins
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in a cell the transfer of genetic information from dna to rna occurs in the
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nucleus
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dna in the nucleus controls the activities in the rest of the cell by serving as a blueprint for
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enzymes
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one type contains instruction for protein synthesis
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nucleic acids
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one type is the carrier of hereditary information
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nucleic acids
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which compound is used primarily as a source of stored energy
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none of the above
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the dna code for an amino acid consists of a sequence of
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3 nitrogen bases taken from 4 possible bases
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how did scientists determine that using single and double nitrogen bases for the codes for amino acids would not be sufficient
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scientists knew that there were 20 different amino acids and therefore at least three bases were needed
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which molecules are chains of nucleotides
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both dna and rna molecules
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which molecules contain uracil
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rna molecules
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which molecules contain cytosine
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both dna and rna molecules
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which molecules contain ribose
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rna molecules
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which molecules control hereditary instructions in animals, plants, and most protists
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dna molecules
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which molecules are assumed to be a double helix
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dna molecules
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which molecules are found in three different forms in any given cell
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rna molecules
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whcih molecules are composed of a specific amino acid sequence
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neithe rdna nor rna molecules
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gene expression begins with
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rna synthesis
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the enzyme that initiates the first stage of transcription is
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rna polymerase
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which series is arranged in correct order according to decreasing size of structures
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nucleus, chromosome, dna, nucleotide
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the specific protein produced in a cell is directly related to the
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nucleotide sequence in the dna molecule
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why is the rna in the cyosol much smaller than the rna in the nucleus
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noncoding regions of rna are removed in the nucleus
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the function of tRNA molecules is to
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transport amino acids to mRNA
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the production of proteins is directed by the dna because it is the template for
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mRNA
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which of teh following carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
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transfer RNA oly
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where does translation take place
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ribosomes
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viruses
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replicate, but are not considered to be alive
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in general, viral replication involves
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production of viral proteins and assembly of viral particles within a hsot cell
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gemes are sequences of nucleotides that may code for
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polypeptides, proteins, tRNA, and mRNA
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each paraent contributes one of two genes for a particular trait. the gene pairs are called
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alleles
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a eukaryotic chromosome is a
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long molecule of DNA, some of which is never translated
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the Pace family has seven children, one son and six daughters. what is the chance that the eighth child will be a daughter
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1/2
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what is the chance, if a couple has two children, that they will have on boy and one firl
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1/2
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a coin is tossed three times. the probablility that it will alnd heads up all three times is
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1/8
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a tossed coin lands heads up six times straight. what is the probablility that it will lands tails up on the secenth toss
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50%
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two coins are tossed together 40 times. approximately how many times should both lands tails up
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10
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in mating pea plants with yellow pods and pea plants with green pods. Mendel found the f1 offspring produced only green pods. Mendel suggested that the yellow trait
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is not express when its factor is present in combination with the green factor
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a trait is not visible in teh f1 generation but reappears unchanged in the f2 generation is
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recessive
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during gamete formation in a diploid organism
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alleles separate from one another
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mendel's principle of segragation refers to the
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separation of alleles for a particular trait during gamete formation
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which step in meiosis corresponds to Mendel's principle of segragation
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separation of homologoues chromosomes
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what type of gametes can be produced by a pea plant with green pods and round seeds (genotype GGRr)
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GR, Gr
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what type of gametes can be produced bya pea plant that is tall with yellow seeds (genotype TtYy)
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TY, Ty, tY, ty
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if three quarters of the offspring from many experimental crosses showed only teh dominant traits, the parents were
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both heterozygous
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the gene for rough coat (R) is dominant to smooth coat (r) in in a guinea pig. if a smoth coated guinea pig was bred to a roughcoated guinea pig and had seven smoothcoated and eith roughcoated offspring, what are the genotypes of the parents.
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one parent is homozygous recessive, and the other parent is heterozygous
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the gene for rough coat (R) is dominant to smooth coat (r) in in a guinea pig. if a smoth coated guinea pig was bred to a roughcoated guinea pig and had seven smoothcoated and eith roughcoated offspring, what are the genotypes of the roughcoated offspring
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Rr
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the genetic makeup of an organism for aparticular trait
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is determined by the genotype
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the genotypes that cannot be dtermined by inspecting the phenotypes of the offspring of a cross are
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homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant
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if homozygous redflowered plants crossed with white flowered platns proc=dcued all red flowered offspring, the gene for red florers must have been
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dominant
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genetic traits of seeds are noted as follows: G = long, W = wrinkled, Y = yellow, R = ribbed, g = short, w = smooth, y = white, r = grooved. which of the following is a possible genotype for a short, wrinkled, yellow, grooved seed
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ggWwYYrr
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two animals with the Aa genotype had one offspring. its genotyupe was aa. what is the probability that heir next offspring will have the genotype aa?
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1/4
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if two offspring result from the cross Aa x Aa, what is the probablility that both offspring will havet the genotype aa?
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1/16
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a certain dominant gene is located on the X chromosome. a father will transmit the gene and the resultin condition to
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all hist daughters
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if a decective gene is on the X chromosome, transmission to a female can be
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either from the mother or fromthe father
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if a defective gene is on the X chromosome, transmission to a male can be
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only from his mother
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in 1988, a florida couple chared a hospital with baby swapping, claiming that the baby they brought home was not their biological daughter. the father and the baby had type B blood, the mother type O. in terms of blood type, could the baby have belonged to his couple
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yes, the baby could have BO genotype.
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can a person with type a blood safely receive a transfusion of type O blod
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yes, there are no A and B surface proteins on the type O blood cells
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when the two bell shaped swash plants are crossed, 25% of the offspring are round, 25% oblong, and 50% in between, or bellshaped. this cross illustrates
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codominance
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the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
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nondisjunction
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