East Religion Test 1 Pt 2

Front 1

with the vedas and other earliest writing they comprise...

Back 1

shruti and smriti

Front 2

define these terms, which is more recent?

Back 2

shruti- that which is heard (not written by humans but divinely heard and written down), smriti-that which is remembered (deal with stories of the gods); smriti

Front 3

Give examples of texts that represent these...

Back 3

shruti (upanishads and vedas), smriti (gahavad gita)

Front 4

Another way to think of these two terms is...

Back 4

shruti- "uncontested" religious literature, "smriti"- contested religious literature

Front 5

what do most hindus choose? why?

Back 5

smriti (stories about their diety), over shruti

Front 6

Who were the upanishads written by? what do scholars suspect about one of these groups?

Back 6

khastriya/warriors, brahmin/priest... that the priests were low status and dissatisfied

Front 7

Why do scholars think this? examples?

Back 7

there is a subtle anti-brahmin in many upanishads; a warrior bests a priest in speculative debate or priestly ritual training is portrayed as inadequate

Front 8

they opened access to... beyond... but remember...

Back 8

ultimate reality beyond the ritual monopolization of priests, though still a very elite enterprise

Front 9

upanishads were part of a wider... where... reflecting... became... what does this relate to?

Back 9

socio-religious movement were some holy mean reflecting the "forest dweller" and "sanyasin" ideals became... gurus and students gathered around them- (sit near the guru/upanishads)

Front 10

what did the upanishads speculate on

Back 10

the nature of ultimate reality and the individual's relationship to it

Front 11

What happened to some of these groups? as what? what were these?

Back 11

they were institutionally formalized, ashrams, spiritual commentaries built around a founder and teachings

Front 12

some of these gurus produced... what are these called?

Back 12

texts of their teaching, upanishads

Front 13

What is the goal of the upanishads?

Back 13

to see through dualism and change and to see monism/ultimate reality

Front 14

What are the earliest upanishads rooted in? would they perform it? but what?

Back 14

yajna paradigm, no, could speculate on its power and attempt to understand its secrets that are locked inside its performance

Front 15

purusa is one example of... how so?

Back 15

monism, everything comes from perusa

Front 16

list the key vocab terms in (many of) the upanishads... why do we stress many of...

Back 16

brahman, purusha, prakriti, lila, 3 gunas, maya, atman, avidya, karma, samsara, because they are all different and no rule in hindusim

Front 17

what is brahman... as the ... it is... it is referred to as, brahmin is a... why

Back 17

the one, unchanging, ternal power of all existence, as the ultimate generative power it is the doing of all existing. That one, monism, creates from self

Front 18

what is purusha?

Back 18

brahman as pure consciousness; unmanifested spirit

Front 19

what is prakriti

Back 19

nature, material manifestationsof brahman

Front 20

what is lila literally, figuratively? why does this make senes?

Back 20

play, creative power of brahman, play is highly creative

Front 21

who does brahmin enter play with?

Back 21

self

Front 22

what are the 3 gunas literally? figuratively? metaphor for the 3 gunas?

Back 22

threads, inertia (potential), passion (action), harmony (stable), the "DNA" of prakriti and of brahmans manifestations

Front 23

what is maya, the ever... why is this?

Back 23

form, the ever changing forms of prakriti of brahmin's manifestations, the world is constantly in flux

Front 24

brahmin is made up of what things, what is the goal?

Back 24

perusa self (= brahmin), prakriti self---break apart form

Front 25

what is atman, aka

Back 25

purusha self of each sentient being that shares absolute identity with brahmin, the relationship of the individual to ultimate reality

Front 26

what is avidya? how does the word break down?

Back 26

ignorance, a (without), veda (knowledge

Front 27

what is the true purusa self =

Back 27

brahmin

Front 28

what is karma?

Back 28

cause and effect determining one's next life

Front 29

what is samsara?

Back 29

the cycling of birth and death in the material world of prakriti)

Front 30

is reincarnation thought of as a positive or negative thing?

Back 30

negative

Front 31

how atman became atman give kinds

Back 31

atman as heat-self, atman as breath-self, atman as water-self, atman as knowledge self

Front 32

many early ideas about atman centered aroud questions like

Back 32

what can be constant amongst change, to what does it ultimately belong or correspond, upon death what becomes of it

Front 33

atman as heat-self influenced by, what does it mean? atman as heat corresponds with...

Back 33

ancient concept of tapas, the heat of the body is a constant but on death becomes cold; the sun in heaven with which it unites upon death of the body

Front 34

atman as breath-self: the body always... but... atman as breath corresponds with

Back 34

breaths, but upon death it breathes its last. the wind that blows over the earth with which it unites upon death of the body

Front 35

atman as water-self

Back 35

the body always has water, but upon death steam arises from the body atop the funeral pyre and unites with the rain of the atmosphere

Front 36

what does atman as heat-self also correspond to... big what?

Back 36

the alter, S

Front 37

atman as knowledge refers to the, knowledge is... e.g., ... but highest and purest knowledge is knowledge as

Back 37

self, constant, knowledge of yajna and the mysteries of its power; absolute sconsciousness of ones true self

Front 38

it is the... self... or simply

Back 38

purusha self, simply self

Front 39

absolute consciousness means no.. in fact, absolute consciousness of self is

Back 39

false consciousness (avidya) or individuality tied to prakriti self or ego; consciousness of self's absolute identity with brahman as an unmanifest pure spirit

Front 40

atman is... what is tat tsvam asi?

Back 40

brahmin. you are that/that is how you are

Front 41

many of these ideas were tried out and... what was the goal

Back 41

rejected, linking something constant in people with something bigger

Front 42

what is bhakti... it is the definitive character of... it is also the more accessible way to

Back 42

devotion is gods and goddesses, most hindu religiosity, access teh powers of ultimate reality through a devotional relationship to particular gods

Front 43

where do stories of gods and goddesses' personalities come from?

Back 43

from the widely read smriti literature (mahabharata, ramayana (epics), paranas (ancient times genre texts typically narrate the career of a particular diety)

Front 44

what are the two types of bhakti

Back 44

lower bhakti and high bhakti

Front 45

what is lower bhakti, what is it limited to?

Back 45

functional devotionalism, seeking mundane or practical benefits from a diety (health, wealth, protection), formal worship