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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kublai Kahn
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• Early Yuan
• Transfer capital to Beijing • Names Dynasty Yuan “Great Origin” • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Conquered southern Song to become first nomadic tribe to rule all of china • Prohibition of mixed Mongol/Chinese marriage (Zhu Zi Neo Confucianism) • Placed Chinese Confucians in high advisory and educational posts • Instituted Fiat currency |
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Zheng He
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• Early Ming
• Muslim Eunuch • Commander of 7 great Maritime expeditions to Southeast Asia • Ordered by emperor Chengzu |
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Yangzhou massacre
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• After the fall of the Ming-beginning of Qing
• Ming Loyalist Generals tried to resist Manchus at Yangzhou • Manchus slaughtered residents in retaliation and to send warning to other cities • Accounts of the slaughter were suppressed by Qing |
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Canton System
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• Founded by Qianlong
• Qing Dynasty • Cohong Monopoly controlled all foreign trade (hongs) • System to restrict the trade of foreigners to maintain under Chinese control • Macartney unable to bypass system • Macao was only port authorized for foreign trade • All hongs and warehouses were restricted to Canton |
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New Army
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• Commanded by Yuan Shikai
• Qing dynasty under Empress Dowager • Part of China’s effort to reform • Use barbarian tactics to fight Barbarians • Employment of modern western weaponry • Product of self-strengthening movement |
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Queue
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• Qing Dynasty
• Manchu hairstyle • Shaved forehead with long braided ponytail • Forced all Chinese to wear as a technique of subjugation • The Taiping cut of their Queue as form of rebellion |
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Yuan Shikai
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• Qing Dynasty
• Loyalist to Empress Dowager during Boxer Rebellion • Appointed commander of New Army • After Qing abdication, Sun Yat-sen stepped aside and Yuan assumed presidency • Attempted to reestablish dynastic rule but ultimately failed leading to warlord era • Reformer • Forced to make large concessions to Japanese (21 demands) |
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Macartney Mission
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• Qing Dynasty
• Macartney attempted to sew the seeds of British Imperialism • Sent by King George III to establish trade relations and enhanced diplomacy with China (sought concessions) • Unsuccessful due to a defiant Qianlong |
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Whit Lotus
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• White Lotus rebellion in response to government corruption and extravagance
• Qing Dynasty • Promised the coming of Maitreya (future Buddha) • Restoration of the Ming • Rescue of the people from suffering • Attracted the destitute and disaffected • Sectarian Rebellion |
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Self-Strengtheners
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• Qing Dynasty
• To fortify the Qing by selective barrowing from the West • Began during Tongzhi period • Confucian pragmatism • Zhang Zhidong: Preserve traditional values while adopting Western science and technology • The anthology of Qing statecraft writing • Feng Guifan: Use barbarian techniques against the barbarians |
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Opium War
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• Qing Dynasty
• Britain’s attempts to close the trade deficit of Chinese tea failed (Macartney mission) • Opium was introduced and trade deficit reversed • Lin Zexu mounted campaign against opium • War ensued resulting in annexation of Hong Kong • Ended with treaty of Nanjing in which China made serious concessions • Canton system Abolished • China no longer able to resist the West |
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Boxer Uprising
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• Yihequan (Righteous and Harmonious Fists)
• Resistance to foreigners and Catholics • Believed they were impervious to bullets and endowed with supernatural powers • Attempted a two month siege on the legation quarters in Beijing • Qing officials attempted to use the movement against foreign powers • Resulted in the further occupation and presence of troops by the foreign powers and • High indemnities were paid to foreign powers |
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Wang Yangming
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• Ming Dynasty
• Neo-Confucian Thinker • Unity of knowledge and action • Everyone is endowed with Sagehood • There is only li (principle) • Identified human nature with the mind-heart (essentially good) • Received essential insight while exiled to Guizhou • Formed a school which continued to try and consolidate Doism, Buddhism, and Confucianism |
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Chen Duxiu
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• Post Qing, War Lord Era
• Founder of New Youth Journal • Call for the rejuvenation of Chinese society • Explicit denunciation of Confucianism • Taught at Beijing University |
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May fourth
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• Post Qing, War Lord Era
• 3000 students protest treaty of Versailles in Beijing over German possessions in Shandong given to Japan • “May Fourth Movement” came to symbolize the rejection of classical Chinese traditions • Long-term revolutionary consequences |
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Sino-Japanese War
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• Qing Dynasty
• Japanese pressured Korea into signing trade agreement and diplomatic treaty • Japan declared Korea independent but China still considered them a tributary state • China’s ill lead forces were defeated by Japan • War ended with the signing of the treaty of Shimonoseki • China recognized Korean independence, paid Japanese indemnities, ceded Taiwan and Pescadores • Beginning of Japanese Empire • Shifted balance of East Asian power from China to Japan |
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Jiang Qing
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• Era under Mao
• Mao Zedong’s wife • Leader of Cultural Revolution • Former actress • Control over media and cultural affairs • Leader of the “Gang of Four” • Blamed for the ills of the cultural revolution |
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Sent-down years
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• Party cadre, intellectuals and Red Guard were sent to rural areas to work with peasants
• Moa’s vision that the ideas of the common people needed to be heard • China’s rusticated youth • Significant loss in intellectual capital • Many sent-down youth never recovered from hiatus |
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Jiangxi Soviet
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• Founding of the Chinese Soviet Republic (Dec 1931)
• Power Base of Moa and Zhu • After blockade from nationalists, The long March began |
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Rectification Campaign
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• Once party was under Mao’s control rectification campaign organized to ensure “correct” understanding of part ideology
• Bring art and literature in line with party ideology • Severe form of indoctrination and propaganda |
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Yan’an
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• City in Shaanxi
• Became Mao’s headquarters after long march • Mao’s speech during forum on Literature and Art • Launched rectification campaign |
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Morality Books
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• Song, Yuan, Ming,Qing Dynasty
• Shanshu were called “morality books” in Hubei • A performance of song and story telling of Chines legends and tales • Virtue is rewarded and vice punished • Popular literature for all classes of people • Treatise of The Most Exalted One on Moral Retribution • Ledgers of merit and Demerit |
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Seven sages of bamboo Grove
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• Three Kingdoms Period
• Most famous of the qingtan literati • Eccentric intellectuals who communed to freely discuss philosophical matters • Ruan Ji, Xi Kang, Xiang Xiu |
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Tang-Song Transition
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• End of Chan’an capital, aristocratic dominance, and martial vigor
• Late Tang period produced numerous advances in technology, society, agriculture, economy and thought • Tang had Major continuities with Song • Woodblock printing and the paddle wheel boat would be employed in Song • Major advances from declining Tang were exploited in Song and forward |
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Five Classics (wu jing)
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• Spring and Autumn Anals
• Classic of Documents • Classic of Odes • Changes • Rites • Known as the Confucian classics |
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Han Feizi
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• Warring States Period
• Student of Xunzi who turned away from Confucian self-cultivation • Synthesizer of Daoist and Legalist thought • Doaist mystique of ruler presiding over perfectly designed system of laws and institutions • Five Vermon • Killed by Qin emperor by recommendation of former classmate li Si |
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Hundred Schools of thought
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• Eastern Jhou Period
• Formative period of Chinese intellectual history • Four main schools: Ru, Mohist, Daoist, Legalist • Major texts: Analects, Mozi, Mencius, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Han Fiezi |
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Chang’an
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• High Tang
• Was the largest planned city ever built • Population of 1 million made it most populated of its time in the world • Layout resembled that of a typical Tang house • Cosmopolitan culture • Stylish Tang ladies and painters and potters depictions of barbarians • Foreign religious places of worship • Destroyed by Huang Chao • Did not survive the fall of the tang and would never again be the capital of China |
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Su Shi
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• Song dynasty
• Poet and theorist of culture • Relationship between poetry and painting • Opposition to Wang Anshi • Criticized the New Laws, especially the new labor service, crop loans, and state marketing • Memorial to Emperor Shenzong |
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New Life Movement
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• Guomindang/nationalist revolution period
• Founded by Chiang kai-Shek • To rally Chinese against communists • Tighten up discipline and raise moral in nationalist regime • Confucian self-cultivation • Guided by four virtues Li, yi, lian, chi • Substitute rational life for the irrational |
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Han learning
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• Qing Dynasty
• Rejection of Wang Yangming for Zhu Xi • Breadth of learning and practicality of thought • “Broad Learning” of classical texts • steering away from the metaphysics of Song and Ming • Evidential or investigative learning uncovered inconsistencies and forgeries in ancient texts and commentaries • Return to the ancient texts, to restore ancient Way in al its purity |
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Taiping rebellion
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• Qing dynasty
• Founded by Hong Xiuquan, a teacher who failed civil service exam three times • Hong converts to Christianity and claims to be brother of Christ and source of new revelations • Established communist style land reforms • Numbers reached 1 million by the time they took Nanjing • Cut off their queues • Suffered succession crisis • Zeng Guofan’s loyalist army defeated them and they were completely eradicated |
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Treaty of Nanjing
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• Qing dynasty
• After defeat in Opium Wars • Established the basic pattern of Chinese relations with the west for the next century • Canton System abolished • Five additional ports opened for British trade • Henceforth official communication would be on the basis of equality • Qing forced to pay indemnity of 21 million Spanish silver dollars • Followed by treaty of Bogue |
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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• Guomindang
• Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of Nationalist party • Annihilation Campaign • Follower of Dr Sun • Launched New Life Movement • Expelled communists from Jiangxi Soviet, forcing the Long March |
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Red Guards
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• Mao China
• Portrayed as spontaneous movement • Initiative came from above as students were organized into units known as red guards • Vanguard of the cultural revolution • Mao sanctioned their role of rooting out “capitalist roaders” • Turned to violence as cultural revolution spun out of control • Victims of sent-down initiative |
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New Youth Movement
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• Post Qing, War Lord Era
• Chen Duxiu: Founder of New Youth Journal • Call for the rejuvenation of Chinese society • Explicit denunciation of Confucianism • Embraced Western freedoms • Denounced Confucian treatment of Women |
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Long March
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• Started in Jiangxi, power base of Moa and Zhu, after blockade from Chiang Kai-Shek’s nationalists,
• The long March began and ended in Yan’an • 10% of 100,000 completed the march • Heroic vindication of Mao’s belief in the power of human will and determination • Remained a source of heroic inspiration for decades |
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United Front
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• CCP and GMD unite to fight Japanese
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An Lushan
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• Tang Dynasty
• Caused rebellion that drove emperor into flight to Sichuan • Considered to have marked a major break in Chinese history • Seized Luoyang and Chang’an • Claimed himself to be emperor of new Yan dynasty • Murdered by his son |
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Ding Ling
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• Mao China
• Thoughts on March 8,1942 • Called into question communist party policy of gender equality • Proclaimed hypocritical character of male party members and special pressures on women revolutionaries • Became target of criticism during rectification campaign, anti rightest campaign, and cultural revolution |
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Mandate of Heaven
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• Early Zhou
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Examination System
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• Founded in Sui
• Highly developed by Song • Stopped under Mongol Yuan • Remained most prestigious means of government recruitment • Abolished in 1906 |
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Banner System
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• Organized alliance with Mongols and Chinese speakers from Manchuria
• Formed eight Manchu, 8 Mongol, 8 “Chinese” banners, each with own color to conquer China • Membership in Banners was hereditary • Afterwards each banner was strategically located throughout empire under a general who reported to Beijing |
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Zhu Yuanzhang
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• Founder of the Ming Dynasty
• Known as Ming Taizu • A commoner become emperor • Made himself literate enough to produce a large number of works • Draws on his personal experiences to legitimize lawmaking • His belief in law and order led to the Ming code and Commandments • Abolished the prime ministership • All power lied with the emperor • Reinstituted examinations of the four books plus Zhu Xi’s commentary |
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Lin Biao
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• Mao China
• Brilliant general, transformed indifferent and suspicious peasants into military • Commanded a campaign that put GMD forces on defensive in Manchuria • Defeated Chiang Kai shek in final battle at Xuzhou. |
