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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wusi yundong
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May Fourth Movement, May 4, 1919; modern Chinese literature begins; anti-imperialist, cultural and social movement; drastic change in society that brought about the Communist Party; dissatisfaction with Versailles Treaty;students from universities gathered at Tienanmen Square
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Versaille Treaty
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treaty that ended WWI; it gave Shandong Province to Japan, concerned with China's place on the world stage
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New Culture Movement
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1915; intention of promoting individual freedom, scientific study, freedom for women
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baihua
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Vernacular Chinese; intended to allow more people to read texts, newspapers and books; language as transparent, allows open communication between disparate parties; plain speech
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Lu Xun
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very critical of Chinese society; and concerned with individual development; most important writer of modern China; writer and founder of modern vernacular literature; very influential; highly sympathetic to Communist Party; still remains popular to this day; originally educated in Japan
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Kuangren Riji
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A Madman's Diary; first major short story written in baihua; cornerstone of New Culture Movement; effect of traditional society eating away at personal development; transcript of a crazy person's delusive paranoia; set in the past; contains negativity in and within the narrator
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typical Lu Xun themes
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1) emphasis on the loner (it might not be loner) 2) questionable narrator 3) conflict between traditions and modernity 4) general callousness of human beings
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Mao Dun
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pen name of 20th century Chinese novelist; concerned with conflicting ideology in China; like Lu Xun, relies on irony/contradiction to analyze/criticize; helped establish Chinese Communist Party; criticized GMD (?); was Mao Zedong's secretary
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Edo/Tokugawa/Early Modern Period (1600-1868)
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Japan was more advanced than most Western societies: high literacy, printing technology, communication, and transportation infrastructure
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Edo
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capital city of Japan at that time, was largest city in 18th century
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literacy, printing technology, communication, and transportation infrastructure
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characteristics of Early Modern Japan
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shi no ko sho
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the four classes - officials, farmers, craftspeople, merchants; ranked in this order based on Confucius
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chonin
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townspeople; they established the culture of the period, they were rich
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akusho
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bad places; the prostitution and theater districts of town
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nagusami
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controlled release; people needed a place/way to release tension etc, akusho satisfy this
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yukaku
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pleasure quarters; where prostitutes live/work
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tsu
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savoir faire; a sense of hipness, casual trendiness in clothing and in language
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bunraku
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puppet theater; main focus on stage
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kabuki
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human actors w/ plots etc from puppets; focus body voice
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shamisen
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1) ?? 2) shamisen 3) chanting
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joruri; tayu
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chanting (joruri) from a text by a chanter (tayu)
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wagato; aragoto
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gentle style (wagato) -male character often weak; rough style (aragoto) - plays from Edo about samurai
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jidai mono; sewa mono
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history plays (jidai mono) - historical plays that made reference to current regime; domestic contemporary dramas (sewa mono)
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shinjumono
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double love suicides
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Chikamatsu Monzaemon
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most famous playwright of Edo period, came from samurai family
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jitsuji
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realism
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giri; ninjo
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2 themes of love suicides: Confucian social obligation (giri); human passions/feeling (ninjo)
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Shinju Ten no Amijima
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Structure of love suicide story: 1) pleasure quarters (ninjo) 2) home (giri) with Osan 3) pleasure quarters with Amijima (you don't know the end)
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Meiji period
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era of Japanese modernization
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colonies in Taiwan and Korea
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1895 and 1910 respectively - symbol of modernity for Japan
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nation-state
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part of concept of modernity; nation where people have same language, culture, etc - identity
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kindai jiga
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new term to describe Japanese modern identity; notion from the West, unchanging (unlike Confucian sense of identity)
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risshin shusse
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"advancing in the world through individual effort" - commoners given more rights
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genbun' itchi
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union of spoken and written languages - new way of writing vernacular, used Tokyo area dialect
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"neutral" language
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like West, language which is unchanging no matter who's talking and about what; "social leveling" which got rid of hierarchy present in speech
1) independent of the context in which it is articulated 2) independent of a specific pair of interlocutors |
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kazoka kokka
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family state - emperor is father of nation and subjects; what first Japanese Constitution created
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Tsubouchi Shoyo
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author, first Japanese person to articulate sense of modern literature; approved of genbun' itchi; was a translator; thought literature of the West was superior; focuses on human emotion; sought to overturn prejudice against women
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shosetsu zuino
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"Essence of the Novel" - first work to advocate lit. principle of realism, first to call for modern novel; focus on human emotions; something about literature helping civilizing Japan
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shizenshugi
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"Japanese naturalism" - emphasized sordid stories of everyday life, usually one's secret sexuality
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shishosetsu
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"I-novel" - stories in which the author acts as thought they're confessing something, but doesn't have to be true, just seem true
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Mori Ogai
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doctor, translator, novelist, poet in Meiji period; medical officer who studied in Germany, there he studied European lit; he returned and tried to shape Japanese lit.
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Maihime
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1890, Dancing Girl by Mori Ogai
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Romantic Movement, art as universal
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interested in the exotic and especially exotic women; ex: harems in the Middle East
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national history
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history that shows how a nation is formed and links the past w present
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1876 Treaty of Kanghwa
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Korean treaty with Japan that opened it up to outside world (less than 10 years after Japan's unequal treaties w' West)
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1905 Japanese protectorate
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the US recognized Japan's right to make Korea a protectorate and have control over all of Korea's foreign relations; this was in exchange for Japan's recognition of US power in Philippines
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Japanese colonialism
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encouraged immigration and economic ties; very high influence/presence of Japan in Korea; Japan not creating an artificial entity in 'vacuum' but taking control of already existing society
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Period of Subjugation and Suppression (1910-1919)
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Japan suppressed Korean nationalism, forbade newspapers and free press
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1919 Declaration of Independence, March First Movement
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countered propaganda spread by Japan to outside world; movement failed because no one cared; Japan instituted 'cultural policy'
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Period of "Enlightened Administration" (1920-1931)
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result of March First Movement etc
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Cultural Policy
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newspapers now allowed to public, discriminatory laws removed; though newspapers were heavily censored
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1931 Manchurian Incident
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Japan blew up part of railway and blamed it on China, used this as an excuse to occupy China/Manchukuo, last emperor puppet ruler
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Period of Japanization and Industrialization (1931-1945)
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Koreans forced to do Japanese things - have Japanese names, practice Shintoism, learn Japanese; toughest part of Japanese occupation; Japan tried to destroy Korean culture/identity; felt they were "allowing" Koreans to become Japanese
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hangul
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Korean writing
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Yi Hyo-sok
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author who focused on urban working class and then later on rural people
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Buckwheat Season
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Yi Hyo-sok's story set in countryside, about divide between city and country
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Club of Nine Men
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espoused non-violence and "pure" lit., or "art for art's sake;" Yi Hyo-sok's cool artist group
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Yi Sang
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pen name of author who wrote Wings; trained as a Western architect/painter; dropped out and led a bohemian lifestyle in Seoul; writings slightly autobiographical
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Wings
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set in Seoul in mid-1930s; extreme rejection of Korean culture; similar to I-novel; expressed political commentary about Korea and Japan without being censored
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I-novel
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Wings is this, semi-autobiographical, first person, psychological angst (created through claustrophobia and sexuality)
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end of WWII
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led to re-evaluation of Japanese identity - bombings, first occupation, trauma in general
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Maruyama Masao
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minzokushugi (the people's ethnic identity) v. kokuminshugi (a type of nationalism that emphasizes citizenship and democratic participation); this guy was a critic of japanese militarism during WWII, said Japan was too militaristic because of the lack of understanding between these two things
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Kodo Seicho period
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high economic growth in Japan, Tokyo Olympics in 1964
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1964 Tokyo Olympics
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during Kodo Seicho period, official debut of modern, peaceful Japan (like Beijing Olympics 2008 were for China)
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US-Japan Security Treaty (ANPO)
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represents J's increasing role in international community etc
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racial/gender hierarchies
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"white evolution" - whites better than asians who were better than blacks; men better than women; Asian nations given a female persona < manly Europe
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kazoku kokka
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family nation - ideas of filial piety extended to rulers, meant to unite the nation and stuff like that
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patriarchal hierarchy
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obsession with masculinity
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new constitution of 1947
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changed patriarchal ideology; women given rights, psychologically difficult for Japanese men; emperor demoted from deity to human
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General Douglas MacArthur
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picture w/ emperor needs no words, MacArthur is 'real' man
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loss of the father as the emperor
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he was portrayed as a traitor because all young boys learned to be willing to sacrifice their lives for the emperor, now he's only human
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Oe Kenzaburo
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modernist, 1 standard for right/wrong, existentialism
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Nobel Prize 1994
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Oe was 2nd Japanese writer to win it
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existentialism
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characters w/ conflicting desires/alternatives; meaning of being Japanese in postwar international context; informed by historical facts, his life
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senryo jidai
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Occupation Period (1945-1952); Kenzaburo was a teenager at this time
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Occupation lit. literary characteristics
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1) written during 1945-52 2) joins sexual with political 3) existential 4) breaks with I-novel tradition
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Ningen no hitsuji
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"Sheep"
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X Y and Z
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X (Japanese male) Y (Japanese prostitute/translator) Z American; something about postwar generation, male is dependent on woman selling her sexuality
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American hijiki
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story by Nosaka Akiyuki
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XYz triangle in American Hijiki
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Toshio, Yoshiko, Higginses
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past v. present
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modern shiny new Japan, Ginza v. historical trauma and occupation
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emasculation
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caused by trying to engage in male bonding; $ attempts to reclaim Japan's male status
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past v. present
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modern shiny new Japan, Ginza v. historical trauma and occupation
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emasculation
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caused by trying to engage in male bonding; $ attempts to reclaim Japan's male status
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University of Beijing
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Mao was a librarian here, he met Marxists here too
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CCP
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Chinese Communist Party, Mao helped found in 1921 (?)
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1924 United Front with KMT
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CCP set up a United Front w/ Nationalists to help get rid of wealthy feudal who were keeping China from being more unified
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Hunan
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Mao reported on peasant revolts here, criticizes CCP leadership for focusing on the urban situation instead of peasants
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Jiangxi
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form of grassroots organization of communists; Mao went here after failed insurrection; lost debate about strategy
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changzheng
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Long March - Mao went frmo Jiangxi to Yanan province on march (after the KMT turned on the Commies and made them leave), through the Himalayas and deserts of China; wrote lots of poetry during this time; legitimated a generation of leaders
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Yan'an
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Mao established base areas here, reorganized land rights, more even division of land among peasants
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zhengfeng yudong
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1942 campaigns that imposed ideological unity in Communist front; shows Mao's Confucian background - education and engagement with society
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Talks at the Yenan forum
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Mao "bourgeoise illusion that art is for art's sake," "writing and art are for the people;" imposed ideological unity and expanded his base
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1949 victory of CCP over KMT
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Mao still only one of several leaders; divisions grew over 1950 regarding strategy about best way to modernize - gradual (tech < ideology) or modernization/revolution at the same time (distrust of bureaucracy and institutions)
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baihua yundong
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1956-7 Hundred Flowers Campaign - intellectuals encouraged to speak critically of Communist Party (but Mao didn't like the criticism)
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the people v. class enemies
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Mao has different definitions of who the people and who the enemy are depending on the situation; violence solves contradictions between the people and the class enemies; debate solves contradictions between the people
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dayue jin
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1958-61 Great Leap Forward - tensions in Comm. Party grew again; attempt to change China from farms to industrial nation failed epically (people died from starvation, it was overly ambitious)
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Wuchan jieji wenhua dageming
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1969-76 Cultural Revolution - Mao's last attempt to organize power base outside the Comm. Party; Mao-ism began in this period: 1) faith in the peasantry 2) ability of Party to make mistakes; reflected belief that humans are capable of anything
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