Eas 210 Midterm-Final

Front 1

3 methods of sediment transportation?

And where are sediments transported to?

Back 1

Ice - Glacial deposits

Water - Fluvial (Alluvial)

Wind - Aeolian

To the sea (rivers flow to the sea

Front 2

What is a clast?

(from where? how? shape?)

Back 2

-grain or fragment

-of a rock or sediment

-produced by physical or chemical fragmentation

-form angular, become rounded during transport

(clast, what remains after a blast)

sand, pebbles etc

Front 3

Source of angular rock fragments as breccias

Back 3

Mass wasting

Front 4

Cross Bedding in sandstone

Back 4

sand moves up over and existing 'hill of sand'

Front 5

Ripple marks in sandstone

Back 5

Caused by flowing or oscillating water

Front 6

Graded bedding in sandstone

Back 6

caused by turbididty currents

fine on topr coarse on bottome

(turbulence to shake things up and sort em)

Front 7

migration of sand dunes

Back 7

wind blows sand up one side and down the other

Front 8

types of sand dune formations

Back 8

Functions of wind and amount of sand

Transverse - over the crests

Longitudinal - along the crests

Barchan - onto the bottom of U

Parabolic - into the U of the parabola

Star - variable

Front 9

Types of sedimentary rocks

Back 9

Clastic ~ 86%

11% Arenaceous - (sandstone conglomerates)

75% Argillaceous - (siltstones, shale)

Chemical & Biochemical ~ 14%

Front 10

Chemical & Biochemical sediments rock types

Back 10

Chemical

carbonates - limestone, dolostone

evaporates - rock salt, rock gypsum

Biochem - from organic stuff

carbonate shells - chalk, coquina

silicate shells - chert

organic material - coal

Front 11

Lithification

Back 11

turning fragments into rocks

via compaction and cementation

Front 12

Four main groups of sandstone

and where they're form

Back 12

Arkose - Alluvial fans - feldspar rich

Lithic - deLtas - rock fragment

Quartz - Beach/dunes - quartz (sand)

Greywacke - deep sea, turbidites - matrix rich

Front 13

Sources of sedimentary rocks/minerals?

sorting and shape ?

Back 13

from mountian to sea, plus wind

poor sorting and angular to welll sorted and rounded

Mass wasting - poor and Angular

Glaciers - poor, less angular

Pediment fans - poor, less angular

Fluvial (rivers) - well and rounded

point banks, flood plains, deltas

Lacustrine (lakes) - well and rounded

Marine - well and rounded

Beach

Continental margins

Deep marine

Aeolian (wind) - very well, very rounch, such wind

Front 14

Define metamorphism

Back 14

Changes in minerology, textre, composition

Due to pressure and temperature

Front 15

Types of metamorphism

Back 15

2 Main

Regional

Contact

third type (less common)

Dynamic - (like striking a match)

Front 16

Where metamorphism occurs

Back 16

Deep Underground

Between upper and lower mantle (+T+P)

Subducting lithosphere (+T+P)

Underground

Surrounding Plutons (+T-P)

Active Mountain belts (-T+P)

Deep buried sediments (-T~P)

Oceanic

Mid ocean ridges (~T-P)

Continental accreation (-T+P)

Meteorites (++T++P)

Front 17

What minerals help to disinguish metamorphic conditions

Back 17

the Aluminosilicate polymorphs

Divide PT graph into 3 triangles

Kyanite - from low to high simutaneous increasing pressures and temperatures

Andaluscite - low pressures and range of Ts

Silimanite - High Ts, range of Ps

Front 18

Indicator minerals of metamorphic facies

Back 18

Porphyroblasts

fast growing

Such as garnet

Front 19

Metamorphic texture

Back 19

Foliated

repetative layering. parralel crystals

Non- foliated

Front 20

cause of Foliation

Back 20

2 ways

Compression stress

Shear stress

Cause minerals to line up

Front 21

Common use for slates

Back 21

roofing tile

due to excellent cleavage property

Front 22

Rock order of foliation

Back 22

Slate

Phyllite

schist

gneiss

migmatite

Front 23

rock order of mafic protoliths

Back 23

zeolitic alteration

greenschist

amphibolite

eclogite/melt

Front 24

rock order of pelite protoliths

Back 24

Mudstone

Shale

slate

schist

gneiss

granulite/melt

Front 25

Metamorphic facies

Back 25

Graph of T and P

cut off triangle from lowest T and low-ish P to highest P and high-ish T

divide triangle into 2 sections

lower half into 4 T dependant sections

slice the first of the 4 sections in half by P

High T+P facies are Ecologite(triangle) and Granultie

low T+P facies are Pumpellyite and Zeolite (top and bottom

from lowest corner, blueschist with High P, Green below with Higher T

Amphibolite left

then sanidinite in cornor of low P high T

Front 26

Pelite

Back 26

Metamorphosed fine grained sedimentary rock

example: metamorphism of shale to slate

Front 27

Brittle vs Ductile deformation

where do these occur

Back 27

Upper crust is brittle

Lower crust is ductile

remeber strain rate has effect

Front 28

strike and dip

Back 28

Front 29

apparent dip vs true dip

Back 29

apparent < true

Front 30

Folding

Why does it occur and what doe it create?

Back 30

Compressive forces

creates Anticlines and sYnclines

shape of A and Y

syncline = sink

Front 31

plunging folds

Back 31

get swiggles on surface

Front 32

types of fold

Back 32

plunging

inclined

recumbent - on it's side

overturned

folded folds - domes and basins

Front 33

2 parts of a fault

Back 33

Hanging wall - hang stuff from it

Footwall - looks like shoe

Front 34

types of faults

Back 34

Reverse dip slip fault - hanging above foot

Reverse when fault dip > 45 degrees

Thrust: dip < 45

decollement shallow dipping

Strike Slip

dextral - to the right (D for derecha)

sinistral - to the left

sinister in latin = left

Normal dip slip - Foot above hanging

Cause rift valleys,

Horst is top (FW)

Graben bottom (HW)

Oblique - both dip and strike slip

Rock joints - fracture without displacement

near surface

Front 35

Types of Unconformities

Back 35

***

Front 36

Earthquakes cause by

Back 36

build up and release of stress (seismic waves)

at fault lines

Front 37

Focus and epicenter

Back 37

focus - the stress release point

epicenter - the projection of the focus onto the surface

Front 38

Seismic wave types

Back 38

Body

Pimary - compression waves, fast, (P for Push pull)

Secondary - wavy like, half speed of P, not through liquids, (S for swerve)

Surface travel as surface ripples, slower than body

Rayleigh - up and down like ocean waves

Love - sideways

Front 39

Seismographs

Back 39

hanging marker writes on drum that's fastened to the bedrock

Front 40

importance of delay between P and S waves

and rough esdtimate of what it measures

Back 40

tells how far away earthquake occured

anaagous to lightning and thunder

about 600km for every minute between (10km/s)

Front 41

calculating epicenter of earthquale

Back 41

use traingulation

same as gps

Front 42

Richter scale

Back 42

logarithmic measure of earthquake intensity

magnitude is related to the logarithm of seismic wave amplitude

empirical methods tho

Front 43

Speed of body waves through the earth

Back 43

Speed is affected by density and strength

quickens through solid increasing density mantle

drops as enters core due to sloid/liquid strength drop, then increases again due to increasgin density

Front 44

effects of earth layers on body wave

Back 44

p waves are refracted and reflected at density boundaries

s do not pass into core

Front 45

what can be learned from studying P and S wave behaviour through the earth?

Back 45

the depths and densities of the various layers of the earth

Front 46

Pangea continent fit noticed by

Back 46

Francis Bacon (kevin's great great great grandpa....)

1660

Front 47

Evidence for continental drift

Back 47

Five pieces

1. unique repitles in fossil record on different continents

2. rock sequences

3. mountain ranges across continents

4. Glacial striation dircetion

5. mid ocean ridges

in the rocks, the rocks, what the rocks make up, ontop of the rocks, and between the rocks( continents)

Front 48

the cause of earths magnetic field

Back 48

rotation of the inner and outer cores,

electrical current

causing an electrical field

Front 49

record of the magnetic field

Back 49

found in old rocks that contain magneitite

Front 50

Polar wander

Back 50

assuming the poles have not moved, the continental drift path can be reconstructed from magnetic rock orientation for various dates

on a current world map, it traces the path of the apparent polar wander

Front 51

magnetic reversal

Back 51

the magnetic field can reverse and does so on a irregular basis according to a timescale of a few thousand years

Front 52

Evidence of magnetic reversal

Back 52

revesed magnetic lava sequences

Front 53

determining the age of the sea floor

Back 53

can be determined from magnetic patters due to lava from ocean rigdes

Front 54

Puzzle pieces as to how continental drift occured

three parts of plate tectonics

Back 54

mid ocean ridges

deep ocean trenches

transform faults

Front 55

divergent plate boundaries

Back 55

plates splitting

magma goes up through cont crust

creates a rift, fills with water, continues to add magma pushing sides apart

Front 56

Passive vs active continental margins

Back 56

passive - only accumulate via sediments, close to an ocean ridge

active - at subduction zone, where

Front 57

Ophiolites

Back 57

ocean crust obducted onto continetal crust

Front 58

Deep-ocean trenches

Back 58

where plates converge and subduct

Front 59

Island arcs

Back 59

where an oceanic plate is subducted another oceanic plate (Ocean-Ocean)

pushes land up on the lighter plate, older plate melting creates volcanoes and stuff, more land forms

Front 60

Continental arcs

Back 60

Oceanic plates subducts beneath continental plate

subduction

melting

magmas rising

more land

Front 61

Transform faults

Back 61

plates sliding past each other

necessary because earth is a sphere

Front 62

continental collision

Back 62

plates collide and all of the subduction ocean crust gets subducted then it's continent on continet and crazy big mountains! from lower plate pushing back up

Front 63

WILSON CYCLE

Back 63

1. Continental rifting

2. Ocean basin spreading

3. Ocean closure

4. Collision

takes about 500Ma

Front 64

Hot spots

Back 64

Hot plume of lava at a point on the mantle and a plate moves through it.

isalands and such area created in a line as the plate moves by

Front 65

Flood basalts

Back 65

casued as plume head reaches the surface

Front 66

driving force of plate movement

Back 66

ridge push and slab pull

push - uplift due to hot magma

pull - sinking of colder denser ocean plate

related to over matle convection

Front 67

Literal Biblical time line of earth

Back 67

Bishop Ussher

9AM Sunday 4004BC

Life on tuesday

Front 68

Major scientific dates for evolution of life

Back 68

~4.55 Ga Earth formed

~3.85 Ga Life began

~560 Ma Phanerozoic period

~4 Ma Earliest human

~200 Ka HomoSapiens

~11.5Ka Last ice age ended

Front 69

Geological time scale

Back 69

http://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/time/time_scale_mnemonics.htm

Front 70

Principle of uniformitarianism

Back 70

-processes today, likely operated in the past

-we can use present day understanding to understand geological record

Front 71

6 principles of uniformitarianism

Back 71

The principle of:

1. Original horizontality

2. Superpositions (young on old)

3. lateral continuity (layers laterally extensive

4. Cross-cutting (intrusions or faults must be younger than than the rocks they cross/cut)

5. inclusions (they must be older than the host rock)

6. fossil succession (fossils at bottom older than ones at top)

Front 72

Types of unconformities

Back 72

Breaks in the geological record

Disconformity (erosions in rock sequences that remove some layers)

Angular (erosion surface on tilted area)

Nonconformity (erosional surface on metamorphic or igneous rocks after uplifiting and more deposits on top)

Front 73

First geological map of GBR

Back 73

William Smith

(this is the story of about how,

will smith made a map of the rocks in the ground)

Front 74

Absolute dating

Back 74

using radioactive isotopes to date rocks

run through a mass spectrometer

Front 75

Important dating isotopes

Back 75

Carbon 14

half life of 5730 years

present in living organisms

stars to decay on death of organism

U238 10Ma to 4.6Ga

U235 10Ma to 4.6Ga

Th232 10Ma to 4.6Ga

Rb87 10Ma to 4.6Ga

K40 100Ka to 4.6Ga

Front 76

Evolutionary path of major species

Back 76

old to new

jawless fish

bony fish

cartilagenous fishes

jawed fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Mammals

Birds

Front 77

precambrian was how much of earths history

Back 77

88%

Front 78

Archean cratons

Back 78

occured in the archean eon

the start of the continental plates

accreation of lighter felsic materials

mostly granite green-stone

Front 79

evidence for archean cratons forming on the seafloor

Back 79

pillow lavas

eruption and solidification as small bloops

Front 80

archean greenstone belts

Back 80

layers of granite/gneiss

layers of ultra mafic lava (komatiites) (due to hotter temperatures)

layers of basalt

layers of sediments

Front 81

Plate stuff of the protorezoic

Back 81

supercontinents! - Rodina (laurentia was in continent in it)

banded iron formations

Front 82

orogenies

Back 82

forces and events surrounding formation of orogens, large strucutral deformation of plates colliding making mountains.

major grenville orogen making mountains all down the east side of north america and scotland to scandanavia

Front 83

oxygenation of earth (atmosphere and oceans)

Back 83

1% of present, near the start

10% proerozoic

current levels acheived in paleozoic

Front 84

Definition of life

Back 84

organism that can reproduce and metaboloize

Front 85

Origin of life

how and evidence

Back 85

triggered in chemical materials by energy source (lighniting radiation seafloor vents)

Stanley miller (library guy)

synthesized amino acids

Front 86

Archean life

Back 86

oldest indisputable evidence from stromatilites

sediments pulled onto rocks by algae

Front 87

prokaryotes

Back 87

-earliest life forms (archean)

-single celled

-anaerobic - no O2 req'd

-heterotrophic - derived nutrients from outside sources

-no fossil record

Front 88

proterozoic life

Back 88

aerobic eukaryotic (has nucleus, will live) sexually reproductive cells

multicellular life in early era (probably, fossil issues)

ediacaran fauna later in era are preserved

Front 89

Rock stuff of paleozoic

Back 89

continental platforms - on shield margins

sedimentary rocks on top

Mobile belts - @ cratonic margins

Front 90

Cambrian explosion

Back 90

rapid evolution of life

maybe the warm shallow seas

burgess shale in BC is great fossil record

Front 91

Major Paleozoic fossils

Back 91

-Cambrian

- Trilobite, major hard shelled invertabrate,

important becuase it's wel preserved

- Pikaia, first chordate fish (animals with spines,

tails and nerves etc)

Silurian

- Cooksonia, earliest vascular land plants

- Graphtolites

Devonian

- Gastropods, - Cephalopods, - Echinodermata

Permian

- Glossopteris, cont drift evidence

Front 92

major events in paleozoic

Back 92

Cambrian - life explosion, fish and plants

Ordivician - towards the endmass extiction

(ice age?)

Silurian nothing

Devonian - reefs, economic sources

(evaporites-potash), - Major shale

deposits, Oxygen increase to modern

levels!!! (400Ma) - plants, tall and with seeds. - insects. - AGE OF FISH another mass

extiction (ice again)

Missisippian nothing

Pennsylvanian - Coal swamps (found in PN),

- forests, - reptiles

Permian - pangea, - maybe warm blooded mammal ancestor. - REALLY BIG EXTINCTION

Front 93

When was break up of pangea

Back 93

mesozoic 245Ma

Front 94

Mesozoic events

Back 94

Triassic

N.america starts to rift away. western volcanoes form

Jurrasic

more rifting, south atlantic ocean est. western N.A accreates. western mountains. AGE OF REPTILES

Cretaceous

greenland and india take off

mammals that give birth

flowers

mass extinction, (chicxulub meteorite)

Front 95

first recognized bird

Back 95

archaeopteryx.

Feathers!

Front 96

mountain building, how?

Back 96

lots of sediment, plate crash, push waves of sediments

Front 97

Cenozoic events

Back 97

Miocene epoch

India to asia and africa to europe

Pleistocene

Ice age!

Front 98

Continental stuff of Paleozoic

Back 98

Cambrian - several continents

Ordivician - Gondwana Glacier - taconic orogeny

Sillurian - Baltica crash with Laurentia - caledonian orogeny

Devonian - Laurentia towards Gondwana

Missisipian - more ice

Pennsylvanian - Laurentia + Gondwana together at last <3

Permian - Panea!!!! wohoo (hot and dry)

Front 99

Continental stuff of Mesozoic

Back 99

Triassic - Laurasia + Gondwana no more :'( start to break apart and drift away

Jurrassic - Central altlantic rifting

Cretaceous - Atlantic ocean is quite big now.

"Player 2 has entered the game" Greenland becomes it's own thing. Indian airlines, India cruising northwards at an altitude of sealevel

Front 100

Continental stuff of Cenozoic

Back 100

Paleogene - some orogenies

Neogene - India has reached it final destination. Africa kills old man Tethys

Quarternary - Basically now, but with more ice!!