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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chronologic |
Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, Age |
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Chronostratigraphic |
Eonothem, Erathem, System, Series, Stage |
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phylogeny |
is a representation of evolutionary relationships (most familiarly as a kind of “family tree”, showing ancestor-descendant relationships; the problem with this will be explained) |
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cladistics |
has to do with phylogeny noted: is a technique that allows you to derive it |
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Coelophysis |
-small theropod from the Late Triassic -its skull was built for slashing prey -Teeth to saw through prey -Large brain compared to size |
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Ceratosaurus |
-Tooth replacement -Strong central skull core, lots of struts (not cohesive) -Combined by ligaments -Swallowed prey like snakes (flexible jaw) |
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Megalosaurus |
-Large 7.5m long strut -Would break into sprint 30km/hr |
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Allosaurus |
-stronger hindlimbs, with the foot having 3 principal digits without great claws; there were 3 claws on the forelimbs/manus -Low bite force compared to skull, strong neck -Likely tore and shredded meat off prey with teeth |
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Ornithomimids |
-No teeth -Bird Mimics misnomer: they are not the group of coelusoraus most closely related or ancestral to birds; the first birds had teeth -Likely a fish eater/omnivore |
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Oviraptorosaurs |
-Toothless with a long snout and hooked beak (however not ancestor of birds) -Egg stealer |
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Masiakasaurus |
-Teeth protruding out of the front jaw -Likely a fish eater |
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Therizinosaurs |
-Retroverted pubic bones that sometimes contacted ischium -peg-like to even broader teeth, similar to herbivorous prosauropods suggesting that these were also herbivorous -long claws likely for gathering vegitation |
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Chilesaurus |
-Theropod -leaf-shaped teeth and retroverted pubis, outside even the coelurosaur clade, let alone the maniraptor clade to which therizinosaurs belong |
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Spinosaurus |
- as the name implies, it and its relatives are initially most noteworthy for the elongate dorsal neural spines -No evidence to support these were for thermoregulation -Long snouts presume to enable breathing well swimming. |
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Saurischia |
-"lizard-hipped" -a triradiate pelvic structure, with the pubis directed forward, and the ischium directed rearward -^like thecodonts, likely ancestor |
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Ornithischia |
-"Bird-hipped" -the pubis and ischium are both directed rearward; the pubis is retroverted and contacts the ischium, or in the extreme case, is missing altogether |
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Sauropodomorphs |
-Late Triassic to Cretateous -almost all the herbivorous saurischians, and they are generally large -Prosauropods -Sauropods |
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Prosauropods |
-Common ancestor with sauropods -Mostly Quadrupeds |
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Plateosaurus |
- the arrangement of the jaw hinge axis allowed simultaneus tooth contact along the length of the jaw, and evidence in the jawbones tells us they had cheeks to allow chewing before swallowing |
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Sauropods |
-Jurassic to Cretatious -commonly huge quadruped herbivores, the largest land animals ever -three basic types: Diplodocids, Titanosaurids, Camarasaurids |
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Diplodocids |
- proportionately, the more elongate and lightly build of the sauropods (long neck and long tail) - the number of cervical (neck) to dorsal (back) vertebrae is high - the number of caudal (tail) vertebrae was 80 or more (very long flexible tail, may have been used to defend themselves) |
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Titanosaurids |
- were similar in overall form to Diplodocids, but with a significant difference noted [procoelous; see Box 6.1 in Lucas]: style of the caudal (tail) vertebrae -Also had osteoderms (bony skin/armor) |
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Camarasaurids |
-these were relatively shorter and more heavy-set with a forelimb:hindlimb ratio >0.70 (forelimb is getting a bit longer)- most robustly build |
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SAURISCHIANS: THEROPODS |
-Clearest affinity to thecodonts -Middle Triassic of South America -Composed of Ceratosauria, Tetanurae |
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Ceratosauria |
- a less familiar, early but persistent group of fairly large theropods, characterized:without an enlarged pubic "boot" and without stiffening of the tail. |
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Tetanurae |
- the members of this very diverse theropod clade characterized: Have a tail stiffened by process of both fore and aft -Composed of 2 groups: Carnosaurs, and Coelurosaurs |
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Carnosaurs |
- their great size (>5m long), large and strongly constructed skulls, relatively short necks, and massive hindlimbs, reduced or tiny forelimbs, and long tails. |
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Coelurosaurs |
- a group with complex relationships; most phylogenies suggest birds were derived from a member of this group - what used to be regarded as “typical” features of this diverse group are: 1) small size (often <2 m), 2) long, slender build, 3) light, often hollow bones, 4) small skull on a long, S-shaped neck, 5) relatively long forelimbs, 6) femur (thigh) ≤ tibia (shin), and 7) elongate metatarsals |
