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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mineral
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A naturally formed solid having specific composition and crystal structure (not made in labs, not liquid or gas)
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Isotope
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Variety of an element with different mass
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Four types of bonds from strongest to weakest
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Covalent, ionic, metallic, Van der Waals
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Polymorph
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Chemically identical but different bonds (ex: diamond and graphite)
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7 crystal forms
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Cubic, trigonal, tetragonal, hexagonal, rhombic, monoclinic, triclinic
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Classical crystallography
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2, 3, 4, 6 fold rotational and translational symmetry
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Quasicrystals
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5 fold rotational and no translational symmetry
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Amorphous
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Solids that lack crystal structure (ex: glass and amber)
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Crystal form
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Angles between faces are constant in one type of mineral
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Cleavage
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Breakage in preferred directions along planar surfaces
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Luster
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Quality and intensity of reflected light on faces or cleavage planes - four types: metallic, resinous, vitreous, pearly
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Color and streak
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Quality and intensity of perceived light. Color is unreliable (can be changed by ionic substitution, for example corundum can be white, red, or blue depending on what element is inserted). Streak on a porcelain plate , can be different from color it looks
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Hardness
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Mohs scale, relative by scratching one against the other. Diamond hardest at 10, talc weakest at 1.
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Density, specific gravity
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Mass per unit volume.
= weight of substance/weight of equal volume of water |
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Water, iron, lead, gold
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1.0, 8, 11, 20
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Microscopy
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Plane polarized light on a thin section, color changes based on rotation, returns to original after 90 degrees
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X-ray
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Make a powder, irradiate it in a chamber, get a set of peaks (wouldn't get anything for amorphous things)
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Number of total minerals, abundant minerals
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4000, and 200
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How many elements make up 99% of crust's mass?
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12
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Silicates
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Surrounded by oxygen.
Makes a tetrahedron. Covalent bonds. Ex: olivine, emerald, mica, feldspar, quartz, amethyst, agate |
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Silicates can polymerize to form
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Single tetrahedron - olivine (peridot)
Rings - emerald Chains - share two oxygens Sheets - mica Three dimensional - feldspar, quartz (SiO2) |
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Carbonates
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Minerals - aragonite, calcite (CaCO3), dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2
Limestone (CaCO3) - rock, turns into dolostone when Mg added |
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Phosphates
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Apatite, found in enamel in teeth. Calcium phosphate with F or OH.
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Sulfates
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Calcium sulfate - gypsum, anhydrite. Formed when seawater evaporates
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Sulfides
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FeS2 - pyrite, iron disulfide
PbS - galena, lead sulfide Sulfur can be elemental, charged +6 and charged -2. |
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Oxides
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Magnetite - magnetic, tetrahedron
Hematite - red Uraninite - radioactive, nuclear fuel |
