Earthquakes

Front 1

a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume

Back 1

Stress

Front 2

stresses that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle

Back 2

Tension

Front 3

Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks

Back 3

Compression

Front 4

stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions in a sideways movement

Back 4

Shearing

Front 5

a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward: caused by tension in the crust

Back 5

normal fault

Front 6

a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust

Back 6

Strike-Slip Fault

Front 7

A block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault

Back 7

Hanging wall

Front 8

a block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault

Back 8

Footwall

Front 9

an upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust

Back 9

Anticline

Front 10

a downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth's crust

Back 10

Syncline

Front 11

a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level

Back 11

Plateau

Front 12

Plate movement causes earths crust to fold and form mtns, rock stressed by compression will bend without breaking

Back 12

Folded Mountain

Front 13

2 normal faults cut through a block of rock, normal faults are parallel and a block of rock rises in the middle

Back 13

Fault-Block Mountains

Front 14

The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface

Back 14

Earthquake

Front 15

the point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake

Back 15

Focus

Front 16

the point of Earth's surface directly above and earthquakes focus

Back 16

Epicenter

Front 17

A type seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground

Back 17

P Waves

Front 18

a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side

Back 18

S Waves

Front 19

a type of seismic wave that forms when P and S waves reach Earth's surface

Back 19

Surface Waves

Front 20

a device that records grand movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth

Back 20

Seismograph

Front 21

a scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause at a particular place

Back 21

Mercalli Scale

Front 22

a scale that rates an earthquakes magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves

Back 22

Richter Scale

Front 23

a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake

Back 23

Momment Magnitude Scale

Front 24

The record of an earthquakes seismic waves produced by a seismograph

Back 24

Seismogram

Front 25

the process by which an earthquakes violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into mud

Back 25

Liquefaction

Front 26

an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area

Back 26

Aftershock

Front 27

a large wave produced by an earthquake on the oceanfloor

Back 27

Tsunami

Front 28

how are seismic waves measured

Back 28

The Richter Scale is a rating of an earthquakes magnitude based on the size of the earthquakes seismic waves. The seismic waves are measured by a seismograph. a seismograph is an instrument that records and measures seismic waves

Front 29

how is the location of an earthquake found

Back 29

Seismic waves travel at different speeds. P waves arive at a seismograph first, with S waves followed close behind. To tell how far the epicenter is from the seismograph, scientists measure the difference b/w the arival times of the P and S waves, the farther away the quake is, the greater the time b/w the arival of the P and S waves

Front 30

ways to monitor faults

Back 30

tiltmeter-measures tilting or raising of the ground (Carpenters Level)
creepmeter-uses a wire stretched across a fault with a wieght on 1 end to measure horizontal movement of the ground
lazer ranging devises- uses a lazer and reflector to detect horizontal fault movement
GPS satellites- scientists can monitor changes in elevation as well as horizontal movements along faults using a network of earth orbiting satelites called GPS

Front 31

earthquake risk

Back 31

Geologists can determine earthquake risk by location where faults are active and where past earthquakes have occured. Highest risk along the Pacific Coast in California, Washington, and Alaska. plates meet along the Pacific Coast and cause many active faults. Eastern US has a lower risk of earthquake because it lies far from plate boundaries.

Front 32

causes of earthquake damage

Back 32

shaking-shaking produced by seismic waves can trigger landslides or avalanches and topple bridges, buildings, and utility poles
Liquefaction-ground gives away and buildings sink and pull apart
Aftershock-earthquake weakened building can collapse in an aftershock
Tsunamis-flood houses after earthquakes occurs in the ocean

Front 33

types of stresses with types of faults
matching with plate boundary types

Back 33

Compression-pushes rock together. convergent boundary, reverse fault:hanging wall moves up
Tension-stretches rock. divergent boundary, normal fault:hanging wall moves up to the foot wall
Shearing-causes masses of rock to slip. strike-slip fault:side to side

Front 34

earthquake prediction

Back 34

geologists cant predict when and where an earthquake will occur. usually stress along a fault increases until an earthquake occurs. yet sometimes stress builds up along a fault but an earthquake fails to occur. or one or more earthquakes may relieve stress along a part of the fault. exactly what will happen reamains uncetain