Earthquake Mechanism By Jg

Front 1

force applied to an object. It is also force per unit area

Back 1

stress

Front 2

stress that makes buried rock is pushed down by the weight of all the material above it

Back 2

confining stress

Front 3

A rock’s response to stress depends on;

Back 3

1. Pressure – increases with depth 2. Temperature – make rocks more flexible 3. Mineral Composition – varies depending on the composition of rocks.

Front 4

change in the shape or the volume of a rock caused by an imposed stress

Back 4

Strain

Front 5

rock's response that returns to its original shape when the stress is removed.

Back 5

Elastic Deformation

Front 6

Rock's response that does not return to its original shape when the stress is removed

Back 6

Plastic Deformation / Ductile Deformation

Front 7

The rock's response when it breaks

Back 7

Brittle Fracture

Front 8

a simple bend in the rock layers so that they are no longer horizontal.

Back 8

Monocline

Front 9

a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold.

Back 9

Anticline

Front 10

a fold that bends downward. The youngest rocks are at the center and the oldest are at the outside

Back 10

Syncline

Front 11

measurements are used to measure earthquakes

Back 11

Seismometer

Front 12

study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the Earth

Back 12

Seismology

Front 13

a scientist who studies earthquakes and seismic waves.

Back 13

Seismologist

Front 14

Types of seismic waves

Back 14

body waves

surface waves

Front 15

Types of body waves

Back 15

P-waves (primary)

S-waves (secondary)

Front 16

Types of surface waves

Back 16

Love waves

Rayleigh waves

Front 17

first waves to arrive at a seismograph. fastest seismic waves and can move through solid, liquid, or gas

Back 17

Primary waves

Front 18

second waves to arrive during an earthquake. They are much slower than P waves and can travel only through solids

Back 18

Secondary waves

Front 19

From whom does love waves named after?

Back 19

Augustus Edward Hough Love

Front 20

waves that is transverse to the direction of propagation but with no vertical motion. Their side-to-side motion (like a snake wriggling) causes the ground to twist from side to side.

Back 20

Love waves

Front 21

From whom does Rayleigh waves named after?

Back 21

John William Strutt known as Lord Rayleigh

Front 22

wave that rolls along the ground with a more complex motion than Love waves

Back 22

Rayleigh waves

Front 23

What theory does tectonic earthquakes are explained?

Back 23

Elastic rebound theory

Front 24

Who formulated the elastic rebound theory?

Back 24

Harry Fielding Reid

Front 25

eruptions that are moderately explosive eruptions of basaltic magma with moderate gas content

Back 25

Strombolian Eruption

Front 26

eruptions are marked by columns of volcanic debris and hot gases ejected high into the stratosphere, the second layer of earth's atmosphere.

Back 26

Vesuvian/Plinian Eruption

Front 27

a scale of earthquake intensity ranging from I for an earthquake detected only by seismographs to XII for one causing total destruction of all buildings.

Back 27

Modified Mercalli Scale

Front 28

used to rate an earthquake's magnitude, or the amount of energy released during an earthquake.

Back 28

Richter Scale

Front 29

What are the effects of earthquake?

Back 29

Landslide

Human Impact

Tsunami

Liquefaction

Fires

Flood

Front 30

4 classification of landslides

Back 30

Falls

Topples

Slide

Flows

Front 31

landslide that involves the forward rotation and movement of a mass of rock, earth or debris out of a slope.

Back 31

Topple

Front 32

a downslope movement of material that occurs along a distinctive rupture or slip surface

Back 32

Slide

Front 33

What is it called to pile that often results in the formation of debris or a debris cone at the base of the slope?

Back 33

talus cone

Front 34

Two types of slide failure

Back 34

Rotational slide

Translational Slide

Front 35

Type of slide that has downslope movement of material that occurs along a distinctive planar surface of weakness such as a fault, joint or bedding plane

Back 35

Translational slide

Front 36

type of flow when an earthflow consisting of material that is wet enough to flow rapidly and that contains at least 50 percent sand-, silt-, and clay-sized particles

Back 36

mud flow

Front 37

types of flow formed of rapid mass movement in which a combination of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a slurry that flows downslope

Back 37

debris flow

Front 38

types of flow when a variety of very rapid to extremely rapid debris flow.

Back 38

Rock avalanche

Front 39

Impacts of rarthquake to human

Back 39

destruction

injuries

death

cost

psychological effects

environmental impact

Front 40

refers to the phenomenon where saturated soil temporarily loses its shear strength and stiffness, behaving like a liquid rather than a solid

Back 40

liquefaction

Front 41

landslides that involve the collapse of material from a cliff or steep slope

Back 41

Falls