Earth Space Science

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Glacier

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A thick ice mass that forms above the snowline over hundreds or thousands of years

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Ice age

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Was a period of time when much of the Earth was covered in glaciers

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Valley Glaciers

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Ice mass that slowly advace down mountain valleys originally occupied by streams
-A stream of ice that flows between steep rock walls from near the top of the mountain valley

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Ice sheets

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Are enormous ice masses that flow in all directions from one or more centers and cover everything but the highest land.
-Ice sheets save sometimes called continental ice sheets because they cover large regions where the climate is extremely cold.

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Ice sheets are huge compared to what

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Valley glaciers

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Plastic flow

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involves movement within ice

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Basal Slip

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Slipping and sliding downward due to gravity

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Budget of a Glacier

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The glacial budget is the balance, or lack of balance between accumulation at the upper end of a glacier and loss, or a stage, at the lower end

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Glacial Erosion

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Many landscapes were changed at the widespread glaciers of the recent ice age

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How Glaciers Erode

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Plucking-lifting of rock blockes

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Landforms created by Glacial Erosion

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Glaciers are responsible for a variety of erosional landscape features.

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Glacial trough

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A u-shaped valley that was once v-shaped

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Cirque

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A bowl-shaped depression at the head of a glacial valley

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Aretes and horns

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Sharp-edged ridges. Sharp pyramid-like peaks.

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Types of glacial drift

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Glacial drift applies to all sediments of glacial origin, no matter how, where, or in what form they were deposited

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Moraines, Outwash Plains, and Kettles

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Glaciers are responsible for a variety of depositional features

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Moraines

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layers of ridges of till
-Lateral
-Medial
-End
-Recessional end
-Ground

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What are glaciers responsible for a variety of

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depostional features

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Outwash plains

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Sloping plains consisting of deposits from meltwater streams in front of the margin of an ice sheet

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Kettles

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Depressions created when a block of ice becomes lodge in glacial deposits and subsequently melts

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Drumlins

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Stream lined, asymmetrical hills compressed of glacial diet

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Eskers

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Ridges of composed largely of sand and deposited by a stream flowing beneath a glacier

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Ice age

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Began 2 to 3 million years ago
-Division of geological time
-Ice covered 30% of Earth's land area
-Greatly affected drainage

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Weathering

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debris in desserts

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Chemical weathering

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Not completely absent in deserts. Over long time spans, clay, and thin soils do form
-Not as effective as in humid regions

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The Role of Water

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Only carry water after it rains

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Basin and Range: A desert Landscape

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Interior drainge into basins

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Alluvial fan

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deposit or sediment formed when a stream's slope is abruptly reduced

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Playa lake

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A flat area on the floor of an undrained desert basin that fills and becomes a lake after heavy rain

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Wind Erosion

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Wind erodes in the desert in two ways

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Deflation

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Is the lifting and removal of loose particles such as clay and silt. It produces- blowouts

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Desert Pavement

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A layer of coarse pebbles and gravel created when wind removed the finer material

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Abrasion

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Wind deposits

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The wind can create landforms when it deposits its sediments, especially in deserts and along coasts. both layers of loses and sand dunes are land scare features deposits by the wind

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Loess

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Deposits of wind blows
-Extensive blanket deposits
-Primary sources are deserts

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Sand Dumes

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Unlike deposits of loess, which form blanket-like layers over broad areas, winds commonly deposit sand in mounds or ridges

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Types of Sand Dunes

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What form sand dunes assumed depends on wind direction and speed, how much sand is available, and the amount of vegetation
-Barchan dunes
-Transverse dunes
-Longitudinal dunes
-Parabolic dunes
-Star dunes