Earth Science: Water- Earth's Materials And Resources

Front 1

simple compound, made of two atoms of Hydrogen and one atom of Oxygen bonded together

Back 1

Water

Front 2

More than any other substance on Earth, water is important to life and has _______. Without it, life would probably not exist.

Back 2

remarkable properties

Front 3

composition of earth's water supply

Back 3

97% salt water, 3% fresh water

(0.1% available fresh water): Oceans-97%, Rivers/lakes/groundwater-1%, Glaciers-2%

Front 4

Water is the most abundant substance on Earth's surface. About ___% of it is covered with water, with the earth estimated to have a total of about _____ of water.

Back 4

71% of Earth's surface is covered with water,

total 1.4 billion km3 of water

Front 5

Most of earth's water is found in ____.

Back 5

oceans (97.5% of earth's waters)

Front 6

Just ___% of earth's water is fresh water, water with low concentrations of salt

Back 6

2.5% of fresh water

Front 7

most freshwater is found as ___ in the vast ____ of Greenland and the immense ____ of Antarctica

Back 7

ice, glaciers, ice sheets

Front 8

Just ___% of Earth's water that is fresh and that humans can easily use

Back 8

0.4%

Front 9

most liquid freshwater if found _____ while the rest is found ______

Back 9

under earth's surface as groundwater

lakes/rivers/streams/water vapor in sky

Front 10

the water in rivers, lakes, aquifers

Back 10

blue water

Front 11

feeds plants and crops, subsequently released into the air

Back 11

green water

Front 12

about ____% of earth's freshwater that is neither frozen/underground is found in the ______.

Back 12

10%-atmosphere

Front 13

in the form of rain or snow, important form of available water. About ___% of it has evaporated from oceans, the rest from land

Back 13

precipitation, 40%

Front 14

the amount of precipitation varies greating around the world, from less than ________ in desert climates to over _____ in tropical settingsA

Back 14

desert- 100mm/year

tropical- 3,400mm/year

Front 15

A large part of freshwater that returns to the atmosphere passes through ___ and ____.

Back 15

soil and plants

Front 16

important for plant growth

Back 16

soil moisture

Front 17

about ___ of the world's freshwater is frozen in icesheets and glaziers. most remains inaccessible, located in the Arctic, Antarctica or Greenland

Back 17

three-quarters

Front 18

______ supply water in many countries, releasing water in amounts that vary seasonally and over longer time periods.

Back 18

land-based glaciers, permanent snow and ice

Front 19

____, including lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams and wetlands hold only a small volume of earth's total fresh water. still they represent about ___% of renewable __ and___ that is available in a given year.

Back 19

surface waters (0.3%)- surface/groundwater80%

Front 20

water bodies that perform functions in the environment, prime source of drinking water, energy and recreation, means of irrigation and transportation

Back 20

surface waters, lakes/ponds/streams/reservoirs/rivers/wetlands

Front 21

are a useful natural unit for the management of water resources

Back 21

river basins

Front 22

largest basins-

Back 22

Amazon(15%)- oceans

Congo-Zaire Basin(1/3)river water Africa

Front 23

___ vary greatly from one season to the next and from one climatic region to another. In ____, large flows are witnessed year round, in ______ often ephemeral and only flow periodically after storm

Back 23

river flow, tropical regions, drylands

Front 24

the world's water exists naturally in different forms and locations:

Back 24

air,surface,below the ground and oceans

Front 25

the ____ together with ___, distribute heat to different parts of the plant

Back 25

ocean and atmosphere

Front 26

the ocean and atmosphere absorb heat in the _____ and distribute it to the _____. They also bring the ___ of the ____ to the ___.

Back 26

equatorial-polar regions

cold temperature- polar-equator

Front 27

____ is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation

Back 27

saltwater

Front 28

process that removes salt and minerals from saltwater

Back 28

desalination

Front 29

consists of a water treatment process by which sea/ brackish water is converted to potable water for supplying communities that have most difficulty accessing freshwater

Back 29

desalination/desalting of water

Front 30

minimizing salinity levels in water: most extensive and advanced desalination system in the world, used over __% of facilities worldwide

Back 30

Reverse Osmosis, 60%

Front 31

process consists of applying pressure to a salt water solution and forcing it through a semi-permeable membrane whose function is to allow the passage of the solvent(water) but not solute(salt).

Back 31

reverse osmosis

Front 32

reverse osmosis: the solvent(water) passes through the membrane, from the side where the salt concentration is _____, toward the side where salt concentration is _____. The concentrated solution part is minimized in favor of the ____.

Back 32

highest, lower, freshwater

Front 33

Reverse osmosis can be performed thanks to _____ of _____ in the form of _____ , which overcomes the natural osmotic pressure of the solution.

Back 33

external application of ENERGY in the form of pressure

Front 34

the process consists of heating water to the point at which it evaporates and then condenses to obtain fresh water. this is performed in various stages, with temperature and pressure decreasing in each stage. The heat obtained from____ also serves to distill water again.

Back 34

distillation, condensation

Front 35

____, including swamps, bogs, marshes, lagoons, cover __% of the world's land surface and play a critical role in the conservation of water resources.

Back 35

wetlands, 6%

Front 36

this desalination process consists of pulverizing sea water in a refrigerated chamber at low pressure. this results in the formation of ice crystals over the brine, which is then separated to obtain freshwater

Back 36

freezing

Front 37

in this process, the water is introduced in the form of fine drops into a chamber below saturation pressure- water drops convert into ___ which condenses to form desalinated water. the remaining water enters another chamber at lower pressure than former and repeats until desired outcome

Back 37

flash evaporation, vapor

Front 38

this is not used on a large scale as it is technologically difficult, consists of hydrocarbons to the saline solution, forming ____which are later separated to obtain desalinated watercomsist

Back 38

hydrate formation

Front 39

consists of the phenomenon by which an electric current is passed through an ion solution

Back 39

electrodialysis

Front 40

electrodialysis: the ____ migrate toward ____ while the ____head for the ___. Semi-permeable membranes are placed between _____ so that Na+ or Cl- can pass through and the water contained in the centre of the ____is progressively desalinated.

Back 40

positive ions(cations)-->negative electrode(cathode)

negative ions(anions)--->positive electrode(anode)

centre of electrolytic cell

Front 41

____% of liquid fresh water can be found _____.

Back 41

96% -underground

Front 42

feeds springs and streams, supports wetlands, helps keep land surfaces stable and is a critical water resource

Back 42

groundwater

Front 43

about ___% of water that is taken from the ground is used for farming in arid/semi-aris climates and between __% and __% of the world's frinking water comes from undergound

Back 43

60% farming

25-40% drinking water

Front 44

vary in terms of how much water they hold, their depth, and how quickly they replenish themselves. their variations also depend on specific geological features

Back 44

groundwater aquifers

Front 45

much of the water underground is replenished either very slowly or not at all, thus termed "______"

Back 45

non-renewable

Front 46

the largest aquifers of non-renewable water are found in ____, the ____, _____ and ____

Back 46

North Africa, Middle East, Australia and Siberia

Front 47

if the infiltration of precipitation recharges the aquifer, the groundwater is considered "______" and can be used for irrigation, domestic and other purposes

Back 47

renewable

Front 48

the earth would be a different planet without its _____, these play a major role jn regulating global temperatures

Back 48

oceans

Front 49

can occur in water bodies naturally, but are also produced in large amounts as a result of land-use change and agriculture

Back 49

sediments

Front 50

Sediment can reduce the capacity of ___ and make it difficult for ships to navigate in ___.

Back 50

reservoirs, waterways

Front 51

occurs when harmful substances often chemicals/microorganusms contaminate stream/river/lake/ocean/aquifer/body of water degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or environment

Back 51

water pollution

Front 52

the main climate change consequences related to water resources are:

Back 52

increases in temperature, shifts in precipitation patterns and snow covers, increase in frequency of flooding and droughts

Front 53

has a direct impact on health of forests and their inhabitants, which shows the importance of relationship between forests and water.

Back 53

water availability

Front 54

trees are made up of more than__% of water and need a steady source of it in order to grow and stay healthy.

Back 54

50%

Front 55

100 foot tall tree-

Back 55

11,000 gallons of water