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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
is the outer core solid liquid or gas?
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liquid
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epicenter
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spot on the surface above the point in the ground of the earthquake
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focus
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the point under teh ground where the earthquake occurs
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crust
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upper portion of the lithosphere
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orginial horizontality
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sedimentary rocks and some extrusive igneous rocks form in horizontal layers parallel to earths surface
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fault
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crack in a mass of rock along which there has been displacement, shifting, or movement of the rock layers on each side of the crack
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what principle supports the conclusion that layers have undergone extensive movement since deposition?
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deposited in horizontal layers
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what do tilted rock layers suggest?
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crustal movement occurred sometime after the sediments were deposited
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land uplift
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land has been raised up to its present position
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what does it suggest when marine rocks are found in sedimentary rock hundreds or thousands of meters above sea level?
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the land has been uplifted
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what are most earthquakes caused by?
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movement along faults
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seismic waves
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earthquake waves that give off potential energy
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seismogaph
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instrument that shows how earth sjhakes from seismic waves
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seismogram
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recording of the amplitudes of the wave that represent earths shakings
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what are the 3 categories of seismic waves
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p-waves, s-waves, and surface waves
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what way do the particles that p-waves travel through vibrate?
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in the direction of the waves
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what is slower s or p waves
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s-waves
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what way do the particles vibrate when s waves travel through them
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at right angles
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what reaches a seismograph first?
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pwaves
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how does velocity of waves change?
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more dense, the greater velocity of waves
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what can pwaves pass through
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solids, liquids, and gases
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what can swaves pass through
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only solids
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time interval vs. distance from epicenter
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bigger the time interval, the farther the distance to the epicenter
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damage vs. closeness to epicenter
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the closer to the epicenter, the greater the damage
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how can a reasonable earthquake prediciton be made?
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by knowing the earthquakes history of a specific zone
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5 waays to prepare for earthquakes
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1. radios
2. fragile tems on floor 3. keep cabinets locked 4. extra food, batteries 5. practice drills |
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tsunami
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large wavelength oceanwave produced by disruption of the ocean floor
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what can the disruption be from?
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faulting associated with an earthquake, colvani eruptions, or rapid landslide type of mass movement
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volcano
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mountain composed of extrusive igneous rocks
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how can u predict a volcano eruption?
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satellites measure infrared energy froom the upper atmosphere and report on the increasing heat from rising magma. when the magma rises, a chicken is coming
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ring of fire
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regions surrounding the pacific ocean that contain a majority of these related events and features: earthquakes, uplifting, sinking, volcanic eruptions; ocean trenches, island arches, mid-oceans irdges
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mid-ocean ridge
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moutain ranges in ocean areas
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where do most earthquakes originate?
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aloing specific belts within the crust
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where are volcanoes mainly located?
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zones of crustal activity
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where is teh shadow zone from?>
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102-143 debgrees
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in which parts of earths interior would melted or partially melted material be found?
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asthenosphere and outer core
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the composition of some meteorites supports the inference that earths core is composed of
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iron and nickel
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what is the oceanic crust made of?
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mostly basalt
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what is the continental crust mostly made of?
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granite
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how does thickness and density of the continental crust compare to that of the oceanic crust?
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the continental crust is thicker and less dense than the oceanic crust
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what is the san andreas fault system ?
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an example of a transform plate boundary between north american and pacific plates
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divergent boundary
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plates move apart and magma rises from below to fill the separation, resulting in igneous intrustions and extrusions.
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convergent plate boundary
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when two plates collide
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3 types of convergent boundaries
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1. both plates w/ oceanic crust on top
2. both plates w/ continental crust on top 3. one with cont. one with oc. |
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transform plate boundary
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when two plates collide by sliding past each other
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what is the most accepted theory of how plates move?
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mantle convection currents drag or push the plates apart at places hwere plates diverge
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according to the theory of plate tectonics, the distance between two continents on opposide sides of a mid-oceanic ridge will generally
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increase
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what feature is commonly formed at a plate boundary where oceanic crust converges with continental crust?
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an oceanic trench
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what are two pieces of evidence that prove africa and south america were one part of the same large continent?
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1. matched up minerals
2. matched up fossils |
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evidence of subduction exists at the boundary between the __plates
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indian, australian, and antarctic plates
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what do igenous materials found along mid-ocean ridges that contain magnetic particles show?
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the reversal of magnectic orientation
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what is this evidence of?
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that earths magnetic poles have exchanged their positions
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