Earth Science: Test Three

Front 1

the study of rock layers, often through the use of drawings is:

Back 1

What is stratigraphy?

Front 2

the data used with lithostratigraphy is:

Back 2

Rock Type

Front 3

the data used with biostratigraphy is:

Back 3

Fossil

Front 4

the data used with magnetostratigraphy is:

Back 4

Normal or Reverse paleo geomagnetic polarity

Front 5

the data used with numerical stratigraphy is:

Back 5

number of years

Front 6

the data used with Sequence Stratigraphy is:

Back 6

sets of coastal deposits laid down by rising and lowering sea levels

Front 7

How are two strata's correlated?

Back 7

Using stratigraphy, it shows that two or more strata's are in the same age.

Front 8

How long a time does geologic time cover?

Back 8

At least 4.6 billion years

Front 9

What are the 4 hierarchical categories of the geologic time scale?

Back 9

Eon, Era, Period, and Epoch

Front 10

Phanerozoic Eon includes what percentage?

The Precambrian Eon?

Back 10

88% and 12%

Front 11

What is the order of "The age of....":

Back 11

Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish, Invertebrates

Front 12

a sudden movement of the ground along a fault plane

Back 12

What is an earthquake?

Front 13

What causes an earthquake

Back 13

Release of energy that accumulated over time

Elastic Energy

Differential movement of block's interior

Energy flows out from the focus in the form of seismic waves

Front 14

the compression and expansion of ground in the direction of wave of movement is:

Back 14

P waves are:

Front 15

up/down whip-like waves with vertical ground movement is

Back 15

S Waves are:

Front 16

the side-to-side motion of ground, travels through solids only

Back 16

Love waves are:

Front 17

Forward-backwards and up-down; travel through both solids and liquids

Back 17

Rayleigh

Front 18

what is the fastest seismic wave?

Back 18

P Waves

Front 19

What is the most destructive to buildings?

Back 19

Rayleigh Waves

Front 20

What is an Earthquakes focus?

Back 20

the zone within Earth where rock displacement produces an earthquake

Front 21

What is an earthquakes epicenter?

Back 21

the location on Earth's surface that lies directly above the focus of an earthquake

Front 22

How do the Richter and Mercalli scales for measuring earthquakes differ?

Back 22

The Richter scale measures the amplitude of the seismic wave and Mercalli measures the destruction the earthquake caused

Front 23

Since 1920, where and when did the largest Richter magnitude earthquake occur?

Back 23

In Chili in 1960 with a magnitude of 9.5

Front 24

In the ModifiedMercalli Intensity Scale, which Roman numeral rating is characterized bybuildings being shifted off their foundations?

Back 24

IX

Front 25

On average, how many major earthquakes are expected to occur a year?

Back 25

about 15/16 are expected

Front 26

Reflection of a seismic wave:

Back 26

the bouncing off an interface

Front 27

Refraction of a seismic wave:

Back 27

bending through an interface

Front 28

How are seismic waves used to determine indirectly what the interior of the Earth is like?

Back 28

Seismic waves are like X-Rays, they can be used to look inside the interior

Front 29

What are the three main layers of the Earth?

Back 29

Crust, Mantle and Core

Front 30

Which is the thinnest layer? Which is the thickest?

Back 30

the thinnest is the crust, the thickest is the core

Front 31

Two Sub-layers of Crust:

Back 31

Continental Crust

Oceanic Crust

Front 32

Continental crust is:

Back 32

Primarily Granite, but also some rocks (all sorts); less dense

Front 33

Oceanic Crust is:

Back 33

more dense than continental crust, Primarily basalt.

Front 34

The two sublayers of the Upper Mantle:

Back 34

Topmost unnamed part of mantle

Asthenosphere

Front 35

Two layers of the Mantle:

Back 35

Upper Mantle

Lower Mantle

Front 36

Topmost unnamed part of the mantle

Back 36

solid and brittle, but its rocks are typical mantle types

Front 37

Asthenosphere is:

Back 37

not solid and brittle, buts it's in a plastic state

Front 38

Lower Mantle (Mesosphere) is

Back 38

main part of mantle, its mostly solid, but some parts are plastic or nearly liquid

Front 39

two sub-layers of the core:

Back 39

Outer Core

Inner Core

Front 40

Outer core is made of?

Back 40

Iron in liquid form

Front 41

Inner Core is made of?

Back 41

iron is a solid form

Front 42

How do oceanic crust and continental crust differ?

Back 42

Continental includes sedimentary rocks, where oceanic does not include any of those rocks.

Front 43

What is the lithosphere composed of?

Back 43

all parts of the crust and the topmost unnamed sublayer of the mantle

Front 44

The three types of plate-to-plate boundaries

Back 44

Converging, diverging, and transform

Front 45

Converging is:

Back 45

when two plates come together, the oceanic crust of one plate dives down (Subducts) under the bottom of the other plate, or colliding

Front 46

Diverging is:

Back 46

when two plates move away from each other, the open space between them is filled with magma upwelling from deep within the asthenosphere or spreading apart.

Front 47

Transform is:

Back 47

When two plates move past each other without either colliding or spreading apart or slipping past each other, as in a transform fault.

Front 48

Two sublayers of Divergent plate boundaries:

Back 48

On the ocean floor

On land

Front 49

Three subtypes of converging plate boundaries

Back 49

Oceanic-oceanic

Oceanic-continental

Continental-continental

Front 50

the process of thrusting oceanic lithosphere into the mantle along a convergent boundary

Back 50

Subduction

Front 51

A long, narrow trough bounded by normal faults. This represents a region where divergence is taking place.

Back 51

Rift valley

Front 52

a continuous mountainous ridge on the floor of all the major ocean basis

Back 52

Mid-Ocean Ridge is

Front 53

a chain of volcanic islands generally located a few hundred kilometers from a trench where active subduction of one oceanic slab beneath is occuring

Back 53

Volcanic island arc

Front 54

a mass of hotter-than-normal mantle that ascends toward the surface, where it may lead to igneous activity.

Back 54

Mantle plume

Front 55

What will go down the subduction zone?

Back 55

Oceanic Crust and Top unnamed part of the mantle

Front 56

What will not go down the subduction zone?

Back 56

Continental sediment, strata and crust

Marine sediment and strata

Front 57

Example of diverging plate boundary in the ocean

Back 57

Mid-Atlantic ridge between South America and African plate

Front 58

Example of: Diverging plate boundary on land

Back 58

Iceland

Front 59

Example of: Transform plate boundary in ocean or not on land

Back 59

Southwest Indian Ridge

Front 60

Example of: Hot spot in the ocean

Back 60

The Hawaiian Island

Front 61

Example of: Hot spot on land

Back 61

Yellowstone

Front 62

Example of: Oceanic-Oceanic Converging plate boundary

Back 62

Marianas Island near the Philippines

Front 63

Example of: Oceanic-Continental Converging plate boundary

Back 63

Andes Mountains

Front 64

Example of: Continental-Continental converging plate boundary

Back 64

Himalayas Mountains

Front 65

What are the three supercontinenets?

Back 65

Rodinia, Pannotia and Pangaea

Front 66

What are the name of the two large land masses that the most recent supercontinent broke into to?

Back 66

Laurasia and Gondwana

Front 67

a crustal fragment that consist of a distinct and recognizable series of rock formations that has been transported by plate tectonics

Back 67

What is a Terrane?

Front 68

Example of: A specific Terrane

Back 68

Madagasgar

Front 69

Example of: A region today with many sutured terranes

Back 69

The Phillippines

Front 70

What two forces power plate tectonics

Back 70

either convection currents in the mantle or

plumes in mantle

Front 71

What are the four main methods of plate movement?

Back 71

Piggy-back, Plate-pull, Ridge-Push, & Plate Sliding

Front 72

What is Orogenesis?

Back 72

All processes involved in mountain building

Front 73

What is Orogeny?

Back 73

a specific episode of mountain building

Front 74

What is a mountain chain

Back 74

mountains that overlap each other and creates a chain

Front 75

What is a mountain organic belt?

Back 75

a series of mountain chains

Front 76

What are the five categories of mountains?

Back 76

Volcanic

Upwarped/domed

Folded

Fault-block

Mixed

Front 77

Example of: Volcanic Mountain

Back 77

Mt. St. Helen & Mt. Fiji

Front 78

Example of: Upwarped/Domed Mountain

Back 78

Black Hills

Front 79

Example of: Folded Mountains

Back 79

Alps, Ural, Appalachians

Front 80

Example of: Fault-block

Back 80

Grand Tetons

Front 81

Example of: Mixture of Mountains

Back 81

Rocky Mountains