Earth Science Test

Front 1

Geologic Time

Back 1

10's of millions of years is a shorts time frame from earths perspective

Front 2

Earth's Age

Back 2

4.5-4.6 Billions years old

Front 3

Atoms composition

Back 3

a nucleus core with protons and neutrons

electons are outside the core

Front 4

Protons

Back 4

Positively charged in nucleus

Front 5

Neutrons

Back 5

Neutrally charged in nucleus

Front 6

Electrons

Back 6

negatively charged outside of nucleus

Front 7

Protons in relations to elements and periodic table, what is Atomic #

EX

Back 7

Protons tell you what element # is

8 protons equals 8th element

Front 8

What are isotopes? How do they differ

Back 8

Different number of Neutrons

Front 9

Are all Isotopes Radioactive?

Back 9

No just the parent isotope the daughter decays into neutrally charged isotope

Front 10

Half life, what is judged by half life

Back 10

Rate of decay

Front 11

what does a half life indicate

Back 11

A parent radioactive isotope has decayed 50% into the daughter isotope

Front 12

Daughter isotope

Back 12

Decays into a stable isotope

Front 13

How are isotopes used to date rocks?

Back 13

Isotopic dating

Front 14

How do you determine half-life from a graph?

Back 14

when the Element is 50% decayed into a stable daughter isotope

Front 15

How many half-lives=0% parent isotope

Back 15

10

Front 16

Hypothesis vs Theory

Back 16

Hypothesis is much less confident

Theory more confident, lately weve been more confident going to a theory vs hypothesis

Front 17

As it regards to Nebular Theory which are hypothesis and which are theory

Back 17

1. mostly how things are Triggered are the hypothesis everything else we fill confident and thus call a theory

Front 18

Nebular Theory

Back 18

Starts with a cloud of gases that collected, as a result of a star exploding

Front 19

Nebular Theory 2 things that had to happen

Back 19

1. A nebulla collapsed and gathered in a cloud in the middle

2. The nebulla began to spin

Front 20

Planets form?

Back 20

clumps began to form and gather in a central location

Front 21

Differentiation

Dense stuff gathers where?

How are they separated?

Back 21

In beginning material is crashing meaning earth is hot, as it stops it begins to cool

Dense stuff gathers in middle

Separated by density differences

Front 22

What is the result of differentiation? (3)

Back 22

3 layers form

Crust, mantle, core

Front 23

Crust (2)

Back 23

2 types of crust

only part we observe

solid

Front 24

Mantle, what is it compared to?

Back 24

solid, but slowly moving taffy like

Front 25

Core 2 parts?

Back 25

Outter core- liquid

Inner core- solid due to the high pressures in the very middle

Front 26

Crust 2 types?

Back 26

1. Oceanic Crust

2. Continental Crust

Front 27

Continental Crust

Back 27

1. Thicker

2. Less dense since no sink

3. Granite

Front 28

Oceanic Crust

Back 28

1. Thinner

2. More dense it sinks

3. Basalt

Front 29

Minerals requirements (5)

Back 29

1. Single chemical composition throughout

2. Solid

3. Natural ) not man made

4. Crystal Structure, atoms arranged

5. Inorganic- never alive

Front 30

Diamonds vs Graphite

Back 30

diamonds-carbon

graphite-lead

Front 31

How do crystalline structures form?

Back 31

By bonding

Front 32

What is an ion? why care?

Back 32

Has a + or - charge

unbalanced opposites attract

Front 33

Cation (charge)

Back 33

+ charged

Front 34

Anion (charge)

Back 34

Negatively charged

Front 35

Igneous rocks, requirement

Back 35

solidified magma

Front 36

magma

Back 36

liquid molten rock

Front 37

Intrusive Rock

Back 37

solidified underground

Front 38

Extrusive Rock

Back 38

solidified on the surface

Front 39

Intrusive Rock Characteristics (3)

Back 39

1. Coarse grained (hard)

2. Large Crystals (1mm>)

3. Slow cooling

Front 40

Extrusive Rock Characteristics

Back 40

1. Fine-Grained (soft )

2. Fast Cooling

3. Small Crystals (1mm<)

4. Vesicular texture: holes

5. Glassy texture: cooled too fast

Front 41

Vesicular texture: Defn & Type of Rock

Back 41

1. Holes on rock

2. Extrusive Rock

Front 42

Glassy Texture and Why

Back 42

1. Extrusive rock because it cooled too fast

Front 43

Does color of rock dictate Igneous or Extrusive, What does it indicate?

Back 43

1. NO

2. Indicates magama compostion

Front 44

Mafic

WHat Elements play a role (FE & MG)

Back 44

1. Dark minerals due to amount of Iron and Magnesium

Front 45

Felsic

Back 45

1. Light colored

Front 46

How do we name igneous rocks (2)

Back 46

1. Color (composition)

2. Extrusive or Intrusive

Front 47

Granite (3)

Back 47

1. Intrusive

2. Continental crust

3. Felsic

Front 48

Basalt

Back 48

1. Extrusive

2. Oceanic crust

3. Mafic

Front 49

Sedimentary Rocks

and Examples (4)

Back 49

= Made of sediments

1. Pebbles

2. Sand

3. Shells

4. Leaves

Front 50

To be a sediment requirements (2)

Back 50

1. Solid

2. More than 1

Front 51

Sedimentary Rocks Named?

Back 51

1. Based on size of sediment

Front 52

Dendrital Rocks Defn (3 types)

Back 52

Rock Fragments

1. Gravel

2. Sand

3. mud

Front 53

Chemical (3 types)

Back 53

1. leaves

2. Shells (limestone)

3. Salt crystals

Front 54

Sediment Sizes (3)

Back 54

1. over 2mm= gravel

2. 1/16-2mm=sand

3. less than 1/16=mud

Front 55

Size and traveling distances (3)

Back 55

1. The bigger it is the less it has traveled

2. the more angular the less its travelled

3. More rounded longer its traveled

Front 56

Where is larger gravel located?

Back 56

Closest to the mountain not much travel time so bigger

Front 57

Rounding Vs Angularity

Back 57

1. Rounder equals longer distance closer to mountain

2. More angular closer to sea

Front 58

Metamorphic Rocks characteristics (2)

Back 58

1. Brand new minerals

2. Texture might change (Flatten or Striped)

Front 59

Agents of metamorphism (2) causes

Back 59

1. Temperature

2. Pressure

Front 60

Parent rock

Back 60

original rock

Front 61

Foliated created by what

Back 61

Have Layers

created by pressure

Front 62

Contact metamorphism

Which Agent?

Foliated or Non Foliated

Back 62

1.Heat cooks surroundoing rock

2. Temperature

Front 63

Regional Metamorphism

Which Agent?

Foliated or non Foliated

Back 63

1. Pressure

2. Foliated

Front 64

foliated =

Back 64

Reginonal=Pressure

Front 65

Naming Metamorphic Rocks (2)

Back 65

1. Foaliated or non foliated

2. Foliated rocks based on grade of methamorphism

Front 66

What does higher grade of metamorphism mean?

Back 66

layers and higher pressure

Front 67

What is the rock cycle

Back 67

1. That all rocks at differnt points can be one of the 3, igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic

Front 68

Igneous Rocks become another rock

Back 68

1. Heat or pressure metamorphic

2. Broken down sediments

Front 69

Sedimentary Rocks become other

Back 69

Heat melting= igneous

Heat or pressure= metamorphic

Front 70

Metamorphic rocks become other

Back 70

heat or melting=igneous

breaking down= sedimentary

Front 71

Surficial Process

Back 71

Wind and water reshape rocks and earths surface

Front 72

Mass wasting

Back 72

Landslides

Front 73

Mass wasting causes (4)

Back 73

1. Gravity

2. Water not too little or too much

3. vegetation holds together

4. Over steepened- cutting into

Front 74

Mass Wastings cost

Back 74

more than all other major natural disasters combined, rebuilding etc..

Front 75

Angle of repose and highest

Back 75

Max angle a certain type (loose sediment) of material can be at and still be stable

45 degrees highest for any material doesnt ever change

Front 76

Mass Wasting occurs at 2 speeds

Back 76

1. Fast

2. Slow

Front 77

Mass Wasting Fast (3) types

Back 77

Really fast

1. Slides: is chunks of land

2. Rockfall= vertical falling of rock

3. Tumbling= like water smaller pieces

Front 78

Slides

Back 78

1. Fast mass wasting

2. Chunks of land

Front 79

Faliing

Back 79

1. Fast mass wasting

2. Vertical fall of rocks

Front 80

Tumbling

Back 80

1. Fast mass wasting

2. Flows down like water

Front 81

Slow mass wasting speed and types (2)

Back 81

1. 1cm /year

2. Creep & Solification

Front 82

Creep how can you tell

Back 82

1. Slow mass wasting

2 .slow moving downhill

tell by tilted fences

Front 83

Solification (cold)

Back 83

1. Slow mass wasting

2. Permafrost soil above it melts slushy soil slides down

Front 84

Preventing Mass wasting

Back 84

1. Done go over angle of repose

2. Dont remove vegetation

3.Swimming pools bad

Dont cut into mountains

Front 85

Plate tectonics how are they driven

Back 85

earths internal heat since they are under the top land also moves

Front 86

Continental drift

Back 86

continents rearranging as a result of plates moving

Front 87

Litosphere

Back 87

Crust and upper mantle= plates

Front 88

Asthenosphere and how it affects plates

Back 88

1. Directly below lithosphere,

2. Movement here pushes plates around

Front 89

Divergent P.B what fills gaps what forms

Back 89

1. Tear continents appart

2. Upwelling occurs to fill in gaps (asthenospere)

3. Ocean forms

Front 90

Convergent

Back 90

1. Plate subducts

2. Volcanoes on non subducting plate side

3. Destructional

Balance what Divergent P.Bs do

Front 91

Trench

Back 91

Where plates start to subduct

Front 92

Transform Pb's What do they create

Back 92

plates moving past one another

San Andreas

nothing created

off set rock, seems to not belong

Front 93

Ocean vs ocean subduction which one

Back 93

1. colder one is older and more dense subducts