Earth Science Test 3

Front 1

Any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula

Back 1

mineral

Front 2

any naturally occurring solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter

Back 2

rock

Front 3

Positively and negatively charged atoms. Strongly attracted to each other

Back 3

ions

Front 4

______ is the attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another, producing an electrically neutral compound.

Back 4

ionic bond

Front 5

No ions are present. Sharing of valence electrons

Back 5

covalent bonding

Front 6

an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another.

Back 6

valence electron

Front 7

Contains ions. Packed metal atoms have valence electrons free to move throughout the structure. Packed metal atoms have valence electrons free to move throughout the structure.

Back 7

metallic bonding

Front 8

appearance in reflected light

Back 8

luster

Front 9

can vary and is not as diagnostic

Back 9

color

Front 10

color of mineral in powdered form

Back 10

streak

Front 11

ability to resist scratching or abrasion

Back 11

hardness

Front 12

tendency to break along planes of weak bonding

Back 12

cleavage

Front 13

random pattern of breakage

Back 13

fracture

Front 14

resistance to cutting, breaking, bending, and deformation

Back 14

tenacity

Front 15

mineral density

Back 15

specific gravity

Front 16

consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).

Back 16

mohs scale

Front 17

cleavage me by in one direction

Back 17

muscovite

Front 18

is the amount of stretch that an object contains. Matter keeps its shape from deforming into another.

Back 18

elasticity

Front 19

it can be hammered or bent into different shapes without breaking.

Back 19

malleability

Front 20

Can be replenished in relatively short time spans

Back 20

renewable

Front 21

Earth has fixed quantities

Back 21

nonrenewable

Front 22

location where slippage begins, the place within Earth where earthquake waves originate

Back 22

hypocenter/focus

Front 23

point on Earth’s surface directly above the hypocenter

Back 23

epicenter

Front 24

T or F: Most earthquakes occur at depths of about 100 km or less

Back 24

true

Front 25

study of earthquake waves

Back 25

seismology

Front 26

earthquake recording instrument, Records movement of Earth

Back 26

seismography

Front 27

record of earthquake waves

Back 27

seismogram

Front 28

Push-pull (compressional) motion; Travel through solids, liquids, and gases; Greatest velocity of all earthquake waves

Back 28

Primary wave or P wave

Front 29

“Shake” motion; Travel only through solids; Slower velocity than P waves

Back 29

Secondary wave or S wave

Front 30

Complex motion; Which travel along the outer layer of Earth; Greatest amplitude and slowest velocity of all waves,; Cause greatest destruction

Back 30

Surface Wave

Front 31

A measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage

Back 31

Intensity

Front 32

the __________ estimates the size of an earthquake based on intensity of shaking.

Back 32

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

Front 33

Often measured using the Richter scale; Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave; A 10-fold increase in wave amplitude results to an increase of 1 on the scale; Does not estimate adequately the size of very large earthquakes

Back 33

magnitude

Front 34

the _________ estimates the size of an earthquake based on ground movement.

Back 34

Richter scale

Front 35

Measures total energy released; Measures very large earthquakes; Derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone

Back 35

moment magnitude scale

Front 36

What is the strongest earthquake on record?

Back 36

1960 Chilean at 9.5 moment magnitude

Front 37

In areas where unconsolidated materials are saturated with water, earthquake vibrations can turn stable soil into a mobile fluid, a phenomenon known as ___________.

Back 37

liquefaction

Front 38

A German meteorologist and geophysicist wrote The Origin of Continents and Oceans

Back 38

Alfred Wegner`

Front 39

Earth's rigid outer layer or shell is called _______

Back 39

lithosphere

Front 40

Exists beneath the lithosphere; Hotter and weaker than lithosphere; Allows for motion of lithosphere

Back 40

athenosphere

Front 41

Plates move apart from each other, making oceanic crust

Back 41

divergent plate boundaries

Front 42

Plates move toward each other, making mountains or volcanoes

Back 42

convergent plate boundaries

Front 43

Plates grind past each other without making or destroying crust

Back 43

transform plate boundaries

Front 44

Long-lived structures; Some originate at great depth, perhaps at the mantle-core boundary.

Back 44

mantle plumes

Front 45

an area of volcanism, high heat flow, and crustal uplifting that is a few hundred kilometers across

Back 45

hot spot

Front 46

the direction and intensity of Earth's magnetism in the geologic past.

Back 46

Paleomagnetism

Front 47

occurs where cold, dense oceanic lithosphere is subducted and pulls the trailing lithosphere along.

Back 47

slab pull

Front 48

results when gravity sets the elevated slabs astride (on both sides of) oceanic ridges in motion.

Back 48

ridge push

Front 49

Crystallization above or below ground to form igneous rock

Back 49

magma

Front 50

Breakdown of a material at the Earth’s surface

Back 50

weathering

Front 51

Solid particles produced through weathering

Back 51

sediments

Front 52

Conversion of sediments through compaction and crystallization by groundwater to form sedimentary rock

Back 52

lithification

Front 53

Change due to high temperatures and pressures below ground to form metamorphic rock

Back 53

metamorphism

Front 54

what type of rocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifies

Back 54

igneous

Front 55

What type of rocks form due to weathering?

Back 55

sedimentary

Front 56

When sedimentary rock is buried deep in the crust, heat and pressure cause it to become what type of rock?

Back 56

metamorphic

Front 57

are dominated by light-colored silicates

Back 57

felsic rocks

Front 58

are dominated by dark-colored silicates

Back 58

mafic rocks

Front 59

fast rate of cooling

Back 59

fine grained

Front 60

slow rate of cooling

Back 60

coarse grained

Front 61

two rates of cooling

Back 61

porphyritic

Front 62

very fast rate of cooling

Back 62

glassy

Front 63

contains hole left by gas bubbles

Back 63

vesicular

Front 64

fragmented; produced by consolidation of volcanic fragments

Back 64

pyroclastic

Front 65

what type of rocks contain felsic?

Back 65

granitic

Front 66

what type of rocks is a mixture of felsic and Mafic?

Back 66

andesitic (intermediate) rocks

Front 67

what type of rocks is composed of mafic?

Back 67

basaltic rocks

Front 68

form from an accumulation of material that is transported as solid particles from mechanical and chemical weathering.

Back 68

detrital sedimentary rocks

Front 69

Very fine-grained particles less than 1/256 mm; Mud-sized particles in thin layers or beds ; Most common sedimentary rock

Back 69

shale

Front 70

Composed of sand-sized particles 1/16 to 2mm (Medium) ;Forms in a variety of environments ;Quartz is the predominant mineral

Back 70

sandstone

Front 71

consists largely of rounded gravels.

Back 71

conglomerate

Front 72

is composed mainly of large angular particles.

Back 72

breccia

Front 73

the most abundant chemical rock

Back 73

limestone

Front 74

is a coarse rock composed of loosely cemented shells and shell fragments.

Back 74

coquina

Front 75

compressed plant material

Back 75

coal

Front 76

Layer upon layer of sediment accumulates, these layers, called :

Back 76

strata or beds

Front 77

applies forces equally in all directions

Back 77

confining pressure

Front 78

unequal pressure in different directions.

Back 78

differential pressure

Front 79

Flat arrangement of mineral grains or structures; Minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force

Back 79

foliation

Front 80

Contain equidimensional crystals Resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock

Back 80

non foliated texture

Front 81

uparched sedimentary strata

Back 81

anticline

Front 82

displaced strata

Back 82

fault trap

Front 83

includes layers of rock salt

Back 83

salt dome

Front 84

original sedimentation pattern

Back 84

Stratigraphic (pinchout) trap

Front 85

is an oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well, that stimulate the flow of natural gas or oil, increasing the volumes that can be recovered.

Back 85

Hydraulic fracturing / fracking

Front 86

An aggregate of mineral or mineral-like matter is best described by the term __________.

Back 86

rock

Front 87

The rock limestone consists of impure masses of ___________.

Back 87

calcite

Front 88

The atomic number of carbon is six, so we can conclude that it normally contains _________.

Back 88

six protons

Front 89

`Two or more elements bond together in definite proportions to form a(n) __________.

Back 89

compound

Front 90

Breakage along planes of weak bonding producing distinctive, smooth, flat surfaces is known as __________.

Back 90

cleavage

Front 91

Which properties is the least reliable to help identify a mineral?

Back 91

color

Front 92

Which mineral groups is most abundant in the crust?

Back 92

silicates

Front 93

The basic building block of the silicate minerals __________.

Back 93

contains one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms

Front 94

The cleavage of a silicate mineral is largely determined by __________.

Back 94

internal structure

Front 95

After ancient seas evaporate, thick layers of this mineral can be formed and later mined for economic use.

Back 95

halite

Front 96

Metallic minerals mined at a profit are most commonly referred to as __________.

Back 96

ores

Front 97

Which of the following materials is comprised of minerals?

Back 97

limestone

Front 98

The surface process that slowly disintegrates and decomposes rock is called __________.

Back 98

weathering

Front 99

The process that results as the random movement of ions slows and the ions come to rest organized within a pattern is called __________.

Back 99

crystallization

Front 100

Igneous rocks showing voids left by escaping gas bubbles are also called __________.

Back 100

extrusive

Front 101

Which characteristics is shown by obsidian?

Back 101

glassy texture

Front 102

Rocks with abundant dark-colored silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium such as olivine and pyroxene are best described as “__________.”

Back 102

mafic

Front 103

Rhyolite has the same chemical composition as _________.

Back 103

granite

Front 104

Detrital sedimentary rocks are subdivided according to __________.

Back 104

particle size

Front 105

Which of the following cannot be an example of biochemical sedimentary rock?

Back 105

sandstone

Front 106

what is considered a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?

Back 106

marble

Front 107

Which one of the following is an industrial mineral resource?

Back 107

rock gypsum

Front 108

Important metallic minerals, such as gold and copper, are sometime distributed in trace amounts throughout the whole rock in a ____________deposit.

Back 108

desseminated

Front 109

Complex mountain systems such as the Alps, Appalachians, and Himalayas are the result of __________.

Back 109

Continental-continental convergence

Front 110

During oceanic-continental convergence, as the oceanic plate slides beneath the overriding plate, a ____________ is often produced adjacent to the zone of subduction.

Back 110

deep-ocean trench

Front 111

During subduction, when a slab sinks into the asthenosphere, the trailing plate follows along because of ___________.

Back 111

slab pull

Front 112

The age of the deepest sediment in an ocean basin ____________ with increasing distance from the oceanic ridge.

Back 112

increases

Front 113

Typical rates of seafloor spreading average around __________ centimeters per year.

Back 113

5

Front 114

Paleomagnetism of rocks that exhibit a pattern or orientation different than the modern-day magnetic field is labeled _________.

Back 114

reverse polarity

Front 115

The chain of volcanic structures that extends from the Hawaiian Islands to Midway Island and then continues northward toward the Aleutian trench have formed over a ____________ as the Pacific plate moved.

Back 115

hot spot

Front 116

The age of the Hawaiian islands ________________.

Back 116

increases away from the Big Island of Hawaii

Front 117

The circular motion of convection occurs because it is _____________.

Back 117

heat and density driven

Front 118

The “layer-cake” convection model indicates the source of mid-ocean ridge basalts as a result of _____________.

Back 118

upper layer convection

Front 119

Earthquake epicenters are most closely correlated with ____________.

Back 119

plate boundaries

Front 120

The difference in ____________ of P and S waves provides a method for determining the epicenter of an earthquake.

Back 120

velocities

Front 121

The epicenter of an earthquake is located using the distances from a minimum of ____________ seismic stations.

Back 121

3

Front 122

An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 releases about ____________ times more energy than one with a magnitude of 5.5.

Back 122

30

Front 123

In areas where unconsolidated materials are saturated with water, earthquakes can turn stable soil into a fluid during a phenomenon called ____________.

Back 123

liquefaction

Front 124

An increase in heat generally results in the ______________ of mechanical strength of Earth materials.

Back 124

decrease

Front 125

What wave has the highest velocity?

Back 125

Primary waves

Front 126

The Mercalli Scale is a scale from ________.

Back 126

I to XII that rates the structural damage due to an earthquake

Front 127

Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as _________.

Back 127

aftershocks

Front 128

When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the _______.

Back 128

focus

Front 129

The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the ______.

Back 129

amplitude of the largest seismic wave

Front 130

Overall, this type of seismic wave is the most destructive.

Back 130

surface wave

Front 131

T or F: Large earthquakes almost always produce new faults because the old faults tend to "heal" in the long time that separates most large earthquakes.

Back 131

false

Front 132

T or F: the velocity of seismic waves generally increases with depth in the earth.

Back 132

true

Front 133

T or F: A magnitude scale is a measure of the energy released. It does not measure the extent of building damage or loss of life.

Back 133

true

Front 134

The ________ is the site of initial rupturing associated with an earthquake.

Back 134

focus.

Front 135

Which two elements combine to make most of the common rock forming minerals in the crust?

Back 135

Silicon and Oxygen

Front 136

Atoms that share electrons have a ______ bond.

Back 136

covalent

Front 137

Which mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

Back 137

calcite

Front 138

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as _______.

Back 138

cleavage

Front 139

Gypsum which is widely used in plaster and wallboard is a member of the _____ group.

Back 139

Sulfate

Front 140

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?

Back 140

micas

Front 141

T or F: A mineral can be composed entirely of one element

Back 141

True

Front 142

T or F: all minerals exhibit cleavage.

Back 142

false

Front 143

What physical property denotes then color of a powdered mineral?

Back 143

streak

Front 144

Hardness is the ability of a mineral to ______.

Back 144

resist breaking or scratching

Front 145

When sand lithifies, the resulting rock is commonly called ______.

Back 145

sandstone

Front 146

Intrusive igneous rocks are often characterized as course-grained because _______.

Back 146

the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow

Front 147

Breccia, a rock with angular particles, is likely to have traveled ________.

Back 147

only in short distances

Front 148

Why does magma rise toward the earth's surface?

Back 148

Because it is less dense that the material around it.

Front 149

The most important agent of metamorphism is?

Back 149

Heat

Front 150

T or F: Olivine and quartz are commonly found together in the same igneous rock

Back 150

False

Front 151

T or F: Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro

Back 151

True

Front 152

T or F: Sedimentary rocks are an important source of information about the Earth's history

Back 152

True

Front 153

Igneous rocks that contain mostly quartz and feldspar with small amounts of biotite would be described as having a _________,

Back 153

granitic

Front 154

An igneous rock that cools deep inside the earth is called an ________ igneous rock

Back 154

intrusive

Front 155

When metamorphic rock exhibits a layered or banded appearance, it is said to exhibit a _______ texture.

Back 155

foliated

Front 156

New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________.

Back 156

divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

Front 157

Cooler, older, oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at __________.

Back 157

subduction zones along convergent plate boundares

Front 158

Which energy source is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates?

Back 158

Export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the athenosphere

Front 159

A transform plate boundary is characterized by _______.

Back 159

a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

Front 160

T or F: Continental crust is generally thicker than oceanic crust

Back 160

True

Front 161

T or F: In general, rocks of the continental crust are less dense than rocks of the oceanic crust

Back 161

True

Front 162

T or F: Ocean Drilling is the thickness of dements increases with distance from the ridge crest

Back 162

True

Front 163

T or F: Hawaiian Island chain showed that the volcanoes increase in age with increasing distance from the "big island" of Hawaii

Back 163

true

Front 164

Japan and the Aleutian Islands have formed from an _______ to ________ convergent boundary

Back 164

oceanic to oceanic

Front 165

____________ is the layer of warm rock below the crust and uppermost mantle that readily deforms and flows plastically.

Back 165

asthenosphere

Front 166

The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of _________ plate boundary.

Back 166

transform