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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When heating test tubes, always pointe the _____ end of the tube away from yourself and others
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open
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Where should you throw glass away?
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Special container
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A simple statement or question explaining the reason for the investigation.
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Problem
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A possible answer to the problem that can be tested.
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Hypothesis
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A numbered list of steps used to complete the experiment. (specific as possible)
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Procedure
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A description of what you observed while following the procedure. (DATA TABLE)
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Observations
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Two simple sentences:(1) Re-write you hypothesis, and (2) state if your hypothesis was proven true of false
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Conclusion
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An explanation of how you decided that your hypothesis was true of false. Includes mathematical calculations, graphs, and summary data tables.
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Analysis
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The Law of Conservation of Mass
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Mass is neither created nor destroyed.
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What is the order of conversions?
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Kilo Hecto Deca(Da) Base Deci Centi Milli
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Mass is measured in ______
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Grams
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Volume is measured in ______
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Liters
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Length is measured in ______
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Meters
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Mass has to do with ____ which measures the amount of matter in a given space.
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density
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The color of a star tells you how ____ it is.
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Hot (also what it is made of)
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What color is cold?
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Red
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What color is hot?
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Blue
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If a star is big, it's _____
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bright
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If a star is small, it's ____
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dim
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Where a star's temperature is plotted against it's brightness.
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H-R Diagram
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What can you determine by an H-R diagram about a star?
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It's properties and life stage.
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Stars that can be seen all year
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Circumpolar
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Stars that are mostly seen during certain times of the year
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Equitorial
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The wave source is moving away
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Red Shift
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The wave source is moving closer
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Blue Shift
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How wave frequencies change from motion
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Doppler Affect
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What system do we use to tell the distance from a star to the Earth?
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Parallax
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What is the system of Parallax measured in?
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Light years
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What is the first step in the life cycle of a star?
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Nebula
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What is the second step in the life cycle of a star?
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Protostar
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What is the third step in the life cycle of a star?
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Main Sequence
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What are the two different ways a star can take after a main sequence star?
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Red Giant and Red Supergiant
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What comes after red giant?
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White Dwarf
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What comes after a white dwarf?
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Black Dwarf
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What comes after a red supergiant?
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Supernova
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What comes after a supernova?
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Neutron Star
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What comes after a neutron star?
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Black Hole
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Shape of a spiral galaxy
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Pin-wheel
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Elliptical Galaxy
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-Typically have older stars
-Most common -Vary in shape(sphere, elongated, flat disks) |
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Irregular Galaxy
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Doesn't have a regular shape
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What kind of galaxy are we in?
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Spiral
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Globular Cluster
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Most common, form into sphere or round shape
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Open Cluster
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unorganized group of stars
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How fast does light travel?
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300,000 km/s
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What is the Big Bang theory?
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Big explostion in space then everything appeared.
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What is fusion?
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When you take two atoms, smash them together really hard and come up with a new one
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Name the structures of the sun from the core and on.
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Core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona.
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What is happening in the core?
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Energy is produced (Fusion)
15 million* K - 27 million* K |
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Radiation Zone
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Millions of years to travel through
8 million* K |
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Convection Zone
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Energy travels quicker
7 thousand* K |
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Photosphere
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-Surface of the sun
-Radiation and light escapes 500 km thick/6 thousand* K |
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Chromosphere
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Source of flares/prominences
20 thousand* C |
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Corona
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-Crown
-Seen only during solar eclipses -Made of ions -Source of solar wind 2 million* C |
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Solar Wind
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Ions are so hot, gravity can't hold them onto the sun
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Sun Spots
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-Cool (temp.) spot
-Caused by twisting of magnectic fields |
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Solar Flares
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-Violent eruption, only lsts for a few minutes
-Can cause auroras |
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When do prominences happen?
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During solar eclipses
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What are prominences?
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Cool sheets of gas that condense out of the corona above the active regions
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How did the solar system form?
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-Nebular Theory-The sun and the planets condenseed out of the same spinning nebula.
-1796 by de Laplace |
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What are planetesimals?
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Small bodies thought to have orbited the sun during the formation of the planets
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What are protoplanets?
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The initial phase in the development of a planet
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What is a solar nebula?
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A gaseous cloud (or accretion disc) from which solar systems are formed
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Formation of the Earth
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-Temp. of Baby Earth was hot enough to melt iron
-Gravity pulled melted iron to core -More dense materials ended up in the center, and less dense on the outside |
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Mercury
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-Little to no atmosphere
-Hard, rocky, and pitted with many impact craters -No moons |
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Venus
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-Thick atmosphere, mainly composed of Carbon Dioxide
-Thick layers of clouds, mostly made of sulfuric acid. -Constant lightening -Similar to Earth |
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What is the Earth's atmosphere composed of?
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Nitrogen(78%)
Oxygen (21%) Trace Gases (1%) |
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What kind of weather and atmosphere does our moon have?
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No atmosphere and no weather
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Mars
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-Thin atmosphere
-Dust storms black out sky -Red rust color -Plenty of impact craters -Largest volcano (Olympus Mons) -Largest canyon (Valles Marineris |
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What are the two moons of Mars?
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Phobos and Demos
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Jupiter
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-Hydrogen and Helium atmosphere
-Constant storms, thick clouds -63 known moons |
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Saturn
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-Hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Windy, constant storms -Liquid surface -32 known moons |
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What is Saturn's biggest moon and why is it so special?
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Titan, believed to be closest to primative Earth environment
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Uranus
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-hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Lack of sunlight effects weather -Plain surface -27 known moons |
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Neptune
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-hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Very active weather -8 known moons |
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Great Dark Spot
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Neptune, long gone
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Pluto
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-Biggest of the Kuiper Belt objects
-Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide atmosphere -Cloudy and windy -1 known moon -Rock and ice surface |
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What are the 4 Jovian (outer) planets?
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
-Gas Giants |
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What are the 4 Terrestrial (inner) planets?
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
-Rock Surface |
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How many moons do the Terrestrial planets have?
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Three
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What is retrograde motion?
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The apparent reversal of a planets normal motion against the background of fixed stars
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Asteroids
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Fragments of rock that orbit the sun
-elliptical orbits |
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Asteroids are classified into what three categories?
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1). Carbon
2). Iron and Nickel 3). Silicate minerals |
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Comets
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-Made of rock, ices, and tars
-Consist of nucleas, coma, and tails -Tails points away from sun -Elliptical orbit around the sun |
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The Oort Cloud
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A spherical cloud of dust and ice that contain nuclei of as many as a trillian comets
-astronomers believe comets come from Oort Cloud |
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Meteroids
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-Smaller bits of rock or metal
-Most burn up when attempting to enter the atmosphere |
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Meteor
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A meteroid that is burning up while entering the atmosphere
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Meteorite
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A meteoroid or any part of one that is left after it hits the earth
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What are the three groups that meteorites are classified as?
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1). Stony (rock-like)
2). Iron (metallic appearance) 3). Stony-Iron (BOTH) |
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How many Apollo mission went to the moon?
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Six
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Maria
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-Dark area of the Moon, lava flows
-Always faces the Earth |
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Highlands
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-light areas of the moon
-older than the maria |
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What makes up the Highlands?
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Anorthosite
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What makes up the Maria?
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Basalt
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What can be found in both the Highland and the Maria?
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Breccia
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What are rills?
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Channels cut by molten basalt
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Spring tide
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The sun's and moon's gravitational force is working together
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Neap tide
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The sun's and moon's gravitational force oppose each other
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Ebb current
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As the tide goes out
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Flood current
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As the tide comes in
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Apogee
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Furthest distance from the sun during orbit (moon)
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Perigee
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Closest distance from the sun during orbit (moon)
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The inner cone shape of the shadow is called the _____
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umbra
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The outer part of the shadow is called the ______
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Penumbra
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Time it takes for one rotation (Earth-24 hours)
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Day
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Time it takes for the moon to go through one cycle (Earth-29.5 days)
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Month
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How are the layers divided?
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Temperature
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Where is almost all atmospheric moisture found?
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Troposphere
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Where is the jet stream located?
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Below the tropopause
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Where is the ozone layer?
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Statosphere
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Where do most meteors burn up?
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Mesosphere
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What are the two sub-chategories of the thermosphere?
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ionosphere and exosphere
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What is the coldest layer?
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Mesosphere
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Climate
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Long term
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Weather
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happening now
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What are the Greenhouse gasses?
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carbon dioxide, chlorofloro dioxide, methane nitrous oxide
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What does the Greenhouse Effect do?
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Traps the sun's heat (carbon dioxide)
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What is the importance of the ozone?
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It protects the Earth's inhabitants by absorbing harmful UV rays from the sun
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Coriolis Effect
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Causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to be deflected to the right and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
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Which global wind are we in?
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Westerlies
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Cloud Formation
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1). Warm, moist air rises
2). Rising air expands and cools to its dew point 3). Water vapor condenses on condensation nuclei to form liquid cloud droplets |
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Convective cooling
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-Hot air from surface cools as it rises
-Adiabatice temperature changes |
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Forceful lifting
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-When air mass meets a mountain
-Air is forced upwards -Cools |
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Advective cooling
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-Warm, moist air travels over a cold body of water
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Cold front
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-Cumulus clouds
-Heavy precipitation |
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Warm front
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-Stratus clouds
-Light precipitation |
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Occluded
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-Cold catches up with warm
-Heavy precipitation -Cumulus clouds |
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Stationary
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-Don't move
-Precipitation -Weak winds |
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Isobar
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Measures barometric pressure
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