Earth Science Final

Front 1

What is density?

Back 1

the amount of mass in a given volume of air.

Front 2

What is the unit for density?

Back 2

Density=mass over volume.

Front 3

What is the difference between mass and volume?

Back 3

Mass is the amount of matter in an object, where volume is the amount of space an object takes up.

Front 4

What are the metric units for length, volume, and mass?

Back 4

Length: meters
Mass: grams
Volume: Liters

Front 5

Define: Atmosphere

Back 5

envelope of gasses that surround the Earth.

Front 6

Describe the four main layers of the atmosphere.

Back 6

Troposhere-lowest layers and this is the layer in which weather occurs.
Stratospher-contains ozone layer and is the second layer.
Mesosphere-Middle layer and its the layer that protects us from meteoroids.
Thermosphere-the outermost layer of the atmosphere and it is so hot that it is cold.
These layers are classified according to change in temperatures.

Front 7

What percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?

Back 7

21%

Front 8

What percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen?

Back 8

78%

Front 9

What creates wind?

Back 9

the differences in air pressure.

Front 10

What is the Coriolis Effect?

Back 10

the way the Earth's rotations make the winds curve.

Front 11

Name & describe the 3 main types of clouds. What type of weather do they predict?

Back 11

Cirrus: good weather, wisp feathery clouds.
Cumulus: good weather, clouds that look like cotton.
Stratus: cloudy weather, clouds that form in flat layers.

Front 12

What are the 3 conditions that are required for cloud formation?

Back 12

condensation, presentation of particles, and cooling of air.

Front 13

What is air pressure?

Back 13

the result of the weight column of air pushing on an area.

Front 14

What happens to air pressure as altitude increases?

Back 14

The higher the altitude, the air has less weight pressing on it which is lower air pressure.

Front 15

Name and describe each of the four processes that make up the water cycle.

Back 15

Evaporation - the process in which liquid water escapes into the air transforming into water vapor.
Condensation - the process in which water vapor becomes a liquid.
Humidity - the amount of water vapor in the air.
Relative Humidity - the % of water vapor in the air compared to the % of water vapor it can hold.

Front 16

How would you stay safe in the following storms. Thunderstorm and Tornado?

Back 16

Thunderstorm: stay indoors, do not go underneath trees and stay away from water and any electronics.
Tornado - Evacuate to a safe place.

Front 17

Identify the five oceans.

Back 17

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern.

Front 18

Name the seven continents.

Back 18

North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antartica.

Front 19

Define salinity.

Back 19

a measure of the amount of dissolved solids in a given amount of liquid.

Front 20

What is the most abundant dissolved solid in the ocean?

Back 20

Sodium Chloride

Front 21

What happens to the temperature of ocean water as depth increases?

Back 21

it gets colder.

Front 22

Be able to identify each ocean temperature zone on a chart.

Back 22

surface: is the warm, top layer of the ocean floor
transition: the second layer of the ocean water where temperature drops with increased depth faster than it does in the other 2 zones.
deep: the bottom layer

Front 23

Define and give an example of Plankton.

Back 23

the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in freshwater and marine environment. Example:Microscopic Fish

Front 24

Define and give an example of Nekton.

Back 24

all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents. Example: turtle

Front 25

Define and give an example of Benthos.

Back 25

the organisms that live at the bottom of the sea or ocean. Example: crab

Front 26

Describe the three ways that heat can be transferred.

Back 26

Convection; in fluids, atoms, and molecules can move easily from one place to another. As they move, their energy moves with them.
Conduction: the transfer of heat between two substances in direct contact.
Radiation: direct transfer of energy.

Front 27

Explain how heat is transferred inside Earth through convection current.

Back 27

come back

Front 28

What is the greenhouse effect?

Back 28

the warming of the surface and lower atmospher of the Earth that occurs when water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gasses absorb and reradiate thermal energy.

Front 29

What are the three Greenhouse gases?

Back 29

water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane & ozone

Front 30

What is global warming?

Back 30

a gradual increase in the average global temperature.

Front 31

What is the Outer Core?

Back 31

the Earth's core is divided into 2 parts, outer and inner core. The outer Core is liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core.

Front 32

What is the Inner Core?

Back 32

is the solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth.

Front 33

Define: Lithosphere

Back 33

the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle.

Front 34

Define: Asthenosphere

Back 34

the soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move.

Front 35

Define: Mesosphere

Back 35

the layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere and in which temperature decreases as altitude increases.

Front 36

Define: Oceanic and Continental Crust.

Back 36

both are made up of mainly the same elements; oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. Oceanic crust is denser and has twice as much iron, calcium and magnesium whcih form minerals that are denser than those of the Continental crust.

Front 37

What is Pangaea?

Back 37

the hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations.

Front 38

What are the five characteristics of minerals?

Back 38

Solid.
Have crystalline structure.
Has definite chemical composition.
Inorganic
Naturally occuring.

Front 39

Define: Rock

Back 39

come back

Front 40

Define: Mineral

Back 40

a naturally occuring solid that can form by inorganic processes and that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.

Front 41

Define: Luster

Back 41

describes how light is reflected from a mineral's surface. Example: metallic, silky, waxy, greasy, pearly.

Front 42

Define: Streak

Back 42

the color of the powder of a mineral. The streak color and the mineral color are usually different.

Front 43

Define: Hardness

Back 43

a measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching.

Front 44

How do Geologists classify rocks?

Back 44

according to their origin

Front 45

Define: Igneous Rocks

Back 45

formed from cooling of magma.

Front 46

Define: Sedimentary Rocks

Back 46

when small particles of rocks or remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.

Front 47

Define: Metamorphic Rocks

Back 47

forms when a rock is changed by heat or pressure, or by chemical reactions. They form deep underground.

Front 48

What gives rocks their texture?

Back 48

the size, shape and positions of the grains that make up a rock.

Front 49

What is the difference between coarse grain and fine-grained rocks?

Back 49

come back

Front 50

Identify the softest and the hardest minerals on the Moh's Hardness Scale. You should understand how the hardness scale works.

Back 50

Softest to hardest:
1. talc
2. gypsum
3. calcite
4. fluorite
5. apatite
6. orthoclase
7. quartz
8. topaz
9. corundum
10. diamond
The greater a mineral's resistance to being scratched is, the higher the mineral's rating is. Try and scratch the surface of a mineral with the edge of one of the 10 reference minerals, If the reference mineral scratches your mineral, the reference mineral is harder than your mineral.

Front 51

What is the Rock Cycle?

Back 51

it is the series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes.