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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pluto(3)
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"dwarf planet"
smallest planet orbits on incline through Neptune's path in oval shape |
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Neptune (3)
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-still in pull of sun
-really stormy + windy -"more normal" rotation |
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Uranus
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orbits on its side
has rings, less developed methane in atmo makes it blue |
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Saturn
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2nd largest planet
least dense could float in water has 1,000 rings made of ice+rock |
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Jupiter
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colder
biggest planet next brightest (1st is Venus) miles of thick atmo liquid hydrogen oceans fast winds-cyclonic storm (big red spot) metallic rocky center lots of lightning and auroras b/c of magnetic force |
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Mars(6)
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can support life
like a cold, windy desert has ice caps+biggest volcano(not active) lost atmo when volcanoes became inactive no liquid water name from red color |
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Earth(2)
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only planet w/life,o2 and clean h2o
of planets closest to the sun it is the largest and most dense |
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Venus
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brightest planet
about same size+density as earth rotates clockwise atmo is thick-filled w/ greenhouse gases pressure+sulfuric rain would kill u |
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Mercury
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moves fast in sky
biggest temp extreme closest to sun no atmo |
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4 reasons to study earth science
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1) natural disasters-safety, predict,prevent, causes
2)scientific reasoning-y things happen 3)earth's beauty,learn about natural wonders (ie.auroras) 4)human impact-global warming, so we can stop it |
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nebular hypothesis
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condensed from huge cloud
started spinning flattened into disk smaller nuclei condensed, some pulled to center, creating heat in the center(protosun) everything cooled, solidified materials rocky materials collided+formed planets same thing happened on smaller scale to create moons etc the protoplanets gather depris clearing solar system, allowing sunlight to planets |
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earth's spheres
how do they interact? |
biosphere(living organisms)-plants absorb co2 helps atmo
geosphere(land)-heat atmo hydrosphere(water)forms geo land masses (erosion, weathering etc.) atmosphere(air)-gives oxygen to bio exosphere(sun)-heats geo |
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terrestrial planets
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mercury
venus earth mars |
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jovien planets
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jupiter
saturn uranus neptune |
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my very elegant mother just served us nine pizzas
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acronym for the order of the planets
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clastic (made of rock/mineral sediment)
(4) |
conglomerate-lrg round particles, natural elements, formed in fast river/ocean
sandstone-med sized(sand sized) feels like med/rough sand paper shilt-middle/small particle size shale-small clay sized peices, not gritty, forms in h2o w/out current |
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non-clastic
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chemical: halite, lithographic limestone
organic: coquina,chalk, fossiliferous limestone, coal |
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how are sedimentary rocks classified?
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clastic-made of minerals
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how are igneous rocks classified?
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size of grain+color of composition
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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
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Caused by increased amounts of greenhouse gases such as CO2. The sun's short wavelengths pass through these gases and are absorbed by the Earth. The Earth re-radiates them as long wavelengths which are absorbed by the greenhouse gases, slowing their escape from the atmosphere and increasing Earth's temperature.
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igneous rocks:
no crystals,gassy/glassy |
pumice
obsidian |
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igneous rocks:
fine grained(small), mafic(dark) |
basalt (extrusive)
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ign rocks:
fine grains, intermediate comp. |
andesite (extrusive)
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ign rocks:
fine grains, felsic(light) |
rhyolite(extrusive)
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ign rocks:
coarse grains, felsic |
granite (intrusive)
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ign rocks:
coarse grains, intermediate |
diorite (intrusive)
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Reasons for the Seasons
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Revolution of Earth around the sun, causing the sun's rays to strike the Earth at different angles
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ign rocks:
coarse grains, mafic |
gabbro (intrusive)
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James Hutton
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published A Theory of Earth-idea of uniformintarianism
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how are metamorphic rocks classified?
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based on foliation-organization of minerals
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Infiltration
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When water enters the ground
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metamorphic rocks(3)
FOLIATED |
gneiss-light/dark bands
shist-foily,flat slate-flat,many colors |
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Run-off
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When no more water can enter the Earth because the ground is too saturated, causing puddles
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Evaporation
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When water evaporates into a gas
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Condensation
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When water condenses into a cloud and later causes rain
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Transpiration
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When water vapor enters the atmosphere through vegitation
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Precipitation
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Rain...
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metamorphic rocks(3)
NONFOLIATED |
quartzite-glassy, lumps of fused sands, no fizz
marble-fizz, w/crystals, all 1 color coal-"golden sheen", light weight, smudgy |
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Rock Cycle: Melting
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When a rock melts...
metamorphic to magma/lava, sedimentary to magma/lava, igneous to magma/lava. |
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Rock Cycle: Heat and Pressure
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When heat and pressure are added to a rock...
metamorphic to metamorphic, sedimentary to metamorphic, igneous to metamorphic |
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Rock Cycle: Cooling
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When a rock cools...
Magma/lava to igneous |
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Igneous Intrusions
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made as magma cools below surface, principle of cross-cutting relationships applies
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Rock Cycle: Weathering and Erosion
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When a rock is weathered and eroded...
metamorphic to sediment, igneous to sediment, sedimentary to sediment |
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Principle of Cross-Cutting relationships
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if the fault/intrusion etc CUTS ACROSS the rock, it is YOUNGER than the rock it cut through
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Rock Cycle: Compaction and Cementation
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When a rock is compacted and cemented...
Sediment to sedimentary |
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principle of fossil succession
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organisms can only live for a certain amount of time, fossil organisms succeed 1 another
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law of superposition
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layer on bottom is oldest
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principle of original horizontality
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layers of sediment ALWAYS deposit horizontally
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relative dating
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putting rocks in thier proper sequence of formation, used in correlation, non-nummerical
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uniformitarianism
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the present is the key to the past
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from largest to smallest, what is the order of time groups in geo history?
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eon
era period epoch |
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cenezoic's main events(6)
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-mammals evolve
-mammoths+saber-tooth cats go extinct -flowering plants evolve -humans evolve -modern civilization forms -global warming |
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mesozoic's main events (5)
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-shelled eggs
-pangea broke up -dinos go extinct -1st flying animals +1st mammal evolve -triassic, jurassic+cretaceous periods |
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unconformities
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when deposition stopped and erosion removed previous layers
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angular unconformity
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during unconformity there was DEFORMATION and erosion
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uniformitarianism
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James Hutton 1700s: The Present is the Key to The Past what happens now also happened then.. earth's long processes created the landscapes
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transgression
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rocks show ocean getting deeper (sandstone= beach
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Groups of Fossils (method of correlation)
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If fossils only CO-existed in one period of time
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Paleozoic main events(6)
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-animals got hard parts
-brachiopods+trilobite fossils -1st land plants -glacial ice melted -permo-triassic extinction -pangea formed |
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catastrophism
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started by James Ussher
take bible literally- Earth began in 4004 BC believe that all of earth's ladscape was created by catastrophies |
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What is weathering?
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disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near Earth’s surface. Response of Earth’s materials to a changing environment.
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What is mass wasting?
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The transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity.
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What is erosion?
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The incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind, or ice
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What is mechanical weathering?
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The physical breaking up of rocks into smaller pieces each retaining the characteristics of the original material which increases the surface area for chemical weathering.
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What is frost wedging?
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When water goes into cracks and expands and freezes which enlarges the opening. After any freeze-thaw cycles the rock is broken into pieces.
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What is sheeting?
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When large rocks are exposed to erosion and slabs begin to break loose like the layers of an onion in response to the great reduction in pressure that occurs when the overlying rock is eroded away (also called unloading).
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What are exfoliation domes?
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When unloading happens and the outer layers expand more than the rock below which separates them from the rock body. The result of this continuous weathering is exfoliation domes.
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What are joints?
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Fractures produced from activities like expansion and contracting which form a definite pattern (joints allow water to penetrate at a depth and start the weathering process earlier).
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index fossils
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fossils that are wide spread geographically but only exist in one range of time
used for correlation + dating |
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Precambrian main events(5)
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-planet forms, differentiation
-early atmo originated -atmo oxygenated (late precamb) -multi-cellular life evolved -outgassing->oceans->cyanobacteria etc. |
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regression
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ocean getting shallower
(limestone= deep water, shale= shalloe water, sandstone= beach) |
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Which type of climate causes the fastest chemical weathering?
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Hot and humid climate.
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What is root wedging?
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When roots put pressure on rocks and wedge rocks in search for minerals.
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Why is soil different than sediment?
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Soil is not made up of 100% mineral and rock pieces.
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What is chemical weathering?
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A complex process that alters the initial structure of minerals by removing and or adding elements.
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What is the most important agent of chemical weathering?
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Water.
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What is carbonic acid?
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Carbon dioxide dissolved in water, acid rain.
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What are some factors that affect the rates of weathering?
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Mineral makeup of rocks, climate, composition and structure of rock, slope, biological activity.
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How do humans impact weathering?
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Coal, natural gas, and oil emit CO2 when they are burned, which contributes to carbonic acid (acid rain) which weathers the rock chemically.
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What is regolith?
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A layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering (not exactly soil).
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What is humus?
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The decayed remains of animal and plant life (organic matter).
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What type of soil is the best for most plants to grow in and why?
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Loamy soil. Sandy soils drain too fast and don't absorb enough water, and clay soils drain too slowly and there is too much water which can rot plant roots.
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What are some controls of soil formation?
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Climate (warmer temp = faster soil development, most influential control), plants and animals (provide humus), slope (steep slope = not well developed soil), parent material (source of weathered material which affects the rate of weathering and fertility), time (over time soil develops layers).
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What is leaching?
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Leaching is a process that dissolves/carries particles to the lower levels of the soil and makes the soils less nutrient rich.
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What is residual soil?
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When the parent material is the bedrock.
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What are transported soils?
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Soils that are developed on unconsolidated sediment and form in place on parent materials that have been carried from elsewhere and deposited by gravity, wind, water, or ice.
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What are some characteristics of pedocals?
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Has calcite, found in western U.S., can have humus and leached soil, found in grasslands, lots of calcium carbonate (limestone).
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What are some characteristics of pedalfers?
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Iron and aluminum, eastern U.S. (moist climate), humus and leached soil, soluble materials leached away, lots of humus, found in forests.
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What are some characteristics of laterites?
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Found in tropics, poor for agriculture, intense chemical weathering, thin or absent layer of humus, soils are deeper, red color (iron).
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What minerals make up granite?
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Mostly quartz (very resistant to chemical weathering) and potassium feldspar (which is responsive to carbonic acid).
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What is sand?
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Sand is made of sediment that mechanically and chemically been broken from rocks (transported by agents of erosion).
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What does the grain size of sand tell us?
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Coarse = short distance of transport and not carried by wind, fine = long distance and not laid in fast moving stream.
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What does rounding of sand tell us?
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well rounded = great distance traveled, not well rounded = could have been carried by glacier
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What does sorting of sand tell us?
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same size (well sorted) = transported by water or wind, different sizes (poorly sorted) = probably glacial transport
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