Earth Science, Chapter 6- Sedimentary And Metamorphic Rocks

Front 1

_________ consists of solid material that has been deposited on Earth's surface by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical precipitation.

Back 1

Sediment

Front 2

Glaciers and landslides tend to create ______ ________ in which sediments of different sizes are mixed together.

Back 2

unsorted deposits

Front 3

During ________ ________, the minerals in a rock are dissolved or otherwise chemically changed.

Back 3

chemical weathering

Front 4

The process by which mineral growth binds sediment grains together into solid rock is ________.

Back 4

cementation

Front 5

Weathering produces _____ __________ which are rock and mineral fragments.

Back 5

clastic sediments

Front 6

When sediments become cemented together, they form ________ _____.

Back 6

sedimentary rock.

Front 7

As a result of _________, sediments are laid down on the ground or in bodies of water.

Back 7

deposition

Front 8

The physical and chemical process called _______ transforms sediments into sedimentary rocks.

Back 8

lithification

Front 9

During ______ ________, minerals remain chemically unchanged, and rock fragments simply break off of the solid rock along fractures or grain boundaries.

Back 9

physical weathering

Front 10

Sediments tend to form _____ ________ when transported by water and wind.

Back 10

sorted deposits

Front 11

TRUE OR FALSE-
Lithification begins with erosion.

Back 11

False, lithification begins with compaction

Front 12

TRUE OR FALSE-
Muds may contain up to 60 percent water and shrink as excess water is squeezed out.

Back 12

TRUE

Front 13

TRUE OR FALSE-
Sands are usually poorly compacted during deposition. and they tend to compact a great deal during burial.

Back 13

FALSE- They do not compact a great deal during burial.

Front 14

TRUE OR FALSE-
Groundwater, oils, and natural gases are commonly found within pore spaces in sedimentary rocks

Back 14

TRUE

Front 15

The temperature in Earth's crust decreases with depth.

Back 15

FALSE

Front 16

True OR False-
Mud Compacts more than sand.

Back 16

True

Front 17

True Or False-
Physical weathering changes the composition of mineral fragments

Back 17

FALSE- Chemical weathering does this.

Front 18

True or False-
In one type of cementation, a new mineral grows between sediment grains.

Back 18

True

Front 19

The primary featuer of sedimentary rocks is _______, or horizontal layering.

Back 19

BEDDING

Front 20

The type of bedding that occurs depends on the sediment's method of ______.

Back 20

Transport

Front 21

Bedding is called _____ when the heaviest and coarsest material is on the bottom.

Back 21

Graded bedding

Front 22

________ bedding forms when inclined layers or sediment migrate forward across a horizontal surface.

Back 22

Cross bedding

Front 23

Large-scale cross-bedding can be formed by migrating _____ _______.

Back 23

sand dunes

Front 24

When sediment is moved into small ridges by wind or wave action, ______ _______ can form.

Back 24

ripple marks

Front 25

Many sedimentary rocks contain _______, the preserved remains, impressions, or any other evidence of once-living organisms.

Back 25

fossils

Front 26

During __________, parts of an organism can be replaced by minerals and turned into rock.

Back 26

lithification

Front 27

The pressure required for metamorphism can be generated by

A- Pressure from weight of overlying rock
B- heat from magma bodies in contact with surrounding rock
C- cementation and lithification
D- Hydrothermal solutions.

Back 27

A- Pressure from weight of overlying rock

Front 28

A regional metamorphic belt is divided into zones based upon

A-number of volcanoes in area
B-Mineral groups found in rocks
C-Types of fossils found in rocks
D-Current underground temps

Back 28

B- mineral groups found in rocks

Front 29

Contact metamorphism occurs under conditions of

A-high pressure and high temp
B-High temp and moderate to low pressure
C-low temp and very high pressure.
D-Low temp and moderate to low pressure.

Back 29

B- High temp and moderate to low pressure.

Front 30

Minerals that crystallize at higher temperatures as a result of contact metamorphism tend to be found near

A- coal deposits
B- bodies of water
C- coral reefs
D- igneous intrusions

Back 30

D- igneous intrusions

Front 31

The type of metamorphism that occurs when very hot water reacts with and alters the mineralogy of rock is

A-contact
B-regionaL
C-hydrothermal
D-local

Back 31

C-hydrothermal

Front 32

Metamorphic rocks in which the long axes of their minerals are perpendicular to the pressure that altered them are described as
A-marble-like
B-Quartzite-like
C-foliated
D-nonfoliated

Back 32

C-foliated

Front 33

Metamorphic rocks that lack mineral grains with long axes oriented in one direction are described as
A-marble-like
B-quartzite-like
C-foliated
D-nonfoliated

Back 33

D-nonfoliated

Front 34

Porphyroblasts differ from the minerals surrounding them in terms of
A-size
B- color
C- axis of orientation
D-shape

Back 34

A-size

Front 35

Hot fluids migrating into and out of a rock during metamorphism can change the rock's

A-chemistry
B-energy
C-grade
D-fossil content

Back 35

A-chemistry

Front 36

How are igneous rocks formed?

Back 36

From the cooling and crystallization of molten materials

Front 37

What happens to igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion?

Back 37

They chemically and physically wear away, then those sediments are transported after they are removed

Front 38

How do sediments become sedimentary rock?

Back 38

Deposition, burial, lithification: compaction and cementation

Front 39

What forces cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into igneous rock?

Back 39

pressure and high temperature, hydrothermal activity

Front 40

How can metamorphic rock be transformed into igneous rock?

Back 40

The rock melts, cools, then crystallizes

Front 41

How can sandstone be transformed into sediment without becoming metamorphic rock or igneous rock 1st?

Back 41

Uplift, weathering

Front 42

What are the 4 main agents of weathering and erosion?

Back 42

Wind, water, glaciers, gravity

Front 43

What occurs when rocks come in contact with molten materials?

Back 43

contact metamorphism

Front 44

Rock whose texture, mineralogy, or chemical composition has been altered without melting it....

Back 44

Metamorphic rock

Front 45

Metamorphism resulting from high temperature and pressure that affects a large area

Back 45

regional metamorphism

Front 46

large crystals of new metamorphic minerals

Back 46

porphyroblasts

Front 47

occurs when very hot water reacts with rock

Back 47

hydrothermal metamorphism

Front 48

Characterized by wavy layers and bands of light and dark minerals

Back 48

foliated metamorphic rock

Front 49

Composed mainly of minerals with blocky crystal shapes.

Back 49

nonfoliated metamorphic rock

Front 50

Breccias and conglomerates
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Back 50

clastic

Front 51

Classified by particle size
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Back 51

clastic

Front 52

coal is an example of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Back 52

biochemical

Front 53

Things formed from the remains of once-living things are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical?

Back 53

biochemical

Front 54

Things that are formed from the deposits of loose sediments are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical?

Back 54

clastic

Front 55

Often contains calcite, halite, or gypsum are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Back 55

chemical

Front 56

forms evaporites
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Back 56

chemical

Front 57

sandstone is a medium-grained example of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Back 57

clastic

Front 58

Formed from precipitation and growth of mineral crystals
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Back 58

chemical

Front 59

formed from the shells of sea organisms
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical?

Back 59

biochemical

Front 60

What do some of the features of sedimentary rocks indicate about ancient bodies of water?

Back 60

Where it was located, and the direction of the flow.

Front 61

What info can fossils provide?

Back 61

Evidence of past life, information about past climates.

Front 62

How does fossil-containing limestone form?

Back 62

Seashells collect at the bottom of the ocean floor, cement together over time by calcium carbonate in salt water.