Earth Science

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crystallization

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is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.

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erosion

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the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.

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igneous rock

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(derived from the Latin word ignis meaningfire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rocktypes, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

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metamorphic rock

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is a type of rock which has been changed by extreme heat and pressure. Its name is from 'morph' (meaning form), and 'meta' (meaning change). The original rock gets heated (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressured (1500 bars). This causes profound physical and/or chemical change.

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metamorphism

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Rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase. Note : Examples are marble, which can be formed from limestone, and slate, which is formed from shale.

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precipitate

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a substance precipitated from a solutio

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rock cycle

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an idealized cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further igneous intrusion.

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sediment

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matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; dregs.

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sedimentary rock

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Rock that has formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils. Note : Limestone and shale are common sedimentary rocks.

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sedimentation

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Sediment is the accumulation of sand and dirt that settles in the bottom of lakes. Sediment is also what you get in the bottom of a glass of iced tea when the sugar doesn't all dissolve. The noun sediment comes from the Latin word sedere, meaning“to settle,” or “sit.”

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weathering

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wear away or change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure to the air.

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Bowen’s Reaction Series

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Bowen's reaction series (bō'ənz) A schematic description of the order in which minerals form during the cooling and solidification of magma and of the way the newly formed minerals react with the remaining magma to form yet another series of minerals. The series is named after American geologist Norman L. Bowen (1887-1956), who first described the scheme.

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extrusive

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relating to or denoting rock that has been extruded at the earth's surface as lava or other volcanic deposits.

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felsic

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of, relating to, or denoting a group of light-colored minerals including feldspar, feldspathoids, quartz, and muscovite.

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fractional crystallization

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Fractional crystallization is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle. Fractional crystallizationis the removal and segregation from a melt of mineral precipitates; except in special cases, removal of the crystals changes the composition of the magma.

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intrusive

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causing disruption or annoyance through being unwelcome or uninvited.

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mafic

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relating to, denoting, or containing a group of dark-colored, mainly ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxene and olivine.